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158 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Demokratia

Rule of the people

Athens democracy not modern as it had

women and slaves excluded from politics

Persian War Dates

490-480

Oath of Plataia

No building on the Acropolis will depict Athens vs Persians

Perikles

Political leader, trying to build an empire in 495

Delian League

Created in 478




Money from the Delian Treasury moved to Athens

Building of the Acropolis dates

447-404

Peloponnesian War dates

431-404

Fully formed Athens

450-400 High Classical Period


Best example of a city that had power, through detailed images and sculptures

Periklean Athens

5th century


Perikles- not a king but a person with influence

Athens City plan features

Agora- central place, political center


Acropolis- religious center


Kerameikos- Cemetery


Dipylon Gate- Entrance

Perikles was...

One to beautify the city, try and make Athens an empire


Physical appearance was a statement of power

Acropolis was built

On top of the city, on a cliff

4 key components of Athenian Acropolis

Proplyaia


Temple of Athena Nike


Parthenon


Erectheion

Parthenon is the

Most well known and revered, has a long standing history




Doric Order Temple

Parthenon is what type of temple

Doric Order Temple


Has a colonnade


Has a Naos

Parthenon sends a message of

Power, monumental architecture, big

Optical Refinements

They tried to make the Parthenon perfect by curving the floor and the columns to make it look straight. Top is curved also




Eyes play a trick to make it seem perfectly straight but it is curved

Parthenon Artistic Messages

Whole building is decorated, to show power


Metopes- Doric Frieze and also Ionic Frieze, weird to have both, first to see this

Parthenon East Pediment

Birth of Athena, patron deity of Athens, born to Zeus




This is an Athenian origin story, everyone would of known it and it was mythological

The parthenon was once brightly

Coloured, all parts

Parthenon west pediment

Contest of Athen vs Poseidon




Another origin story




Athena was chosen because she offered the olive tree

Parthenon Metopes

Very important




Sculpted




Trigliff- 3 bars on it




All together is the Doric Frieze

Parthenon Metopes- Message

West- Amazon


North- Trojans


South- Centaurs


East- Giants




Around the whole building are sculptures of these battles, mythological

Persians on Metopes at the Parthenon

Depicted as mythological beast as the Greek didn't put the real historic battles on the Temples

A barbarian is

Not greek

Being Athenian means

You are civilized, and at the top of the Greek world

Parthenon Frieze

Both Ionic and Doric




Images of mythological events

Continual Frieze

Parthenon

Parthenon Frieze is showing

a Panhellenic Festival, a mythological event of the first one ever


Shows rituals and procession and sacrifice

East Frieze on the Parthenon

Most important




Depicted their Deity as human, but made their size bigger and the are half nude, and sitting usually holding an attribute

Holes in the Frieze

Little pieces on bronze or leather for brightness

What is missing from the artistic program

Perikles or Herikles?




Shows a change to democracy where individuals were not as important

Erechtheion has the

Athena Polias Statue on it




The garment on the statue is called the pelops

Erechtheion Plan

Multiple levels




Irregular plan




Symbol of Athenian democracy

Caryatid Porch

On the Erechtheion




Porch is very tall




Women in robes sculpture



Propylaia

Gateway, entrance to the Acropolis

Propylaia looks like a

Temple but isn't




Sends a message of power when you enter the Acropolis

Temple of Athena Nike

Small temple




Built up high so you can see it




There is historical images depicted

Agora was the

Political Center of Athens



Also Religion too



Thing part of all Athenian life

Religion

Old Bouleruterion

Council House




converted to a religious space




In the Agora

Tholos

Round building

New Bouleuterion

Changed to a much larger space to fit more people




Has an alter for sacrifice before meetings

Altar of the 12 Gods in Athens

Central place of religious piety




Connection between religion and politics




In the Agora

The Tyrannicides

Killer of the last tyrants




Public sculptures in the Agora





Toumba/ Heroon at Lefkandi Architecture

950 BC




Complex and monumental




Function specific- storage pits




First example of a colonnade

Heraion on Samos

Many different plans, getting more complex, development over time, for the look of the building

Heraion on Samos first plan

mud brick walls, stone foundation




Center roof supported by timber beans which blocked the images

Heraion on Samos second plan

Colonnade around all sides, peristyle




Covered colonnade added

Heraion on Samos 4th plan

More colonnades added



Heraion on Samos Sanctuary

Entrance on the east




Altar outside, for worship, inside for the god




Sacred area covered by a low wall (stoa)

Temple Plan features

Pronaos- entrance porch


Naos/cella- center room


Opistodomos- rear porch


Peristlye- covered external colonnade


Stylobate- floor level of the temple




3 steps up to the temple

Doric Order temple popular in the

West and mainland

Temple of Apollo at Therman

Clay metopes




Shows progression

Temple of Hera at Olympia

Timber columns replaced by stone




Doric Development

Temple of Artemis at Kerkyra

Earliest stone temple 580




Pediment is medusa, symbol of power

Temple of Zeus at Olympia

Cult statue of Zeus




Stone

Temple of Zeus at Olympia Pediment

East- Zeus as the arbitrator of justice


West- Apollo as the arbitrator of justice




Mythological



Doric Order Temples have

Alternating metopes (carved or painted) and Triglyphs


Plain architravel/ epistyle


Round capital with large square cap


No base for column



Ionic Order temples popular

in the east


Temple of Artemis at Ephesus

Double colonnade

Which came first, Ionic or Doric

Doric, Ionic used some of the ideas of Doric temples

Siphnian Treasury at Delphi

single room and a porch




Columns are carved into women

Ionic Order Temples

Carved and painted Frieze




Carved horizontal band in the architrvael/epistyle




Volute capital with small square cap




Round base for columns

The Acropolis used to be a

Hill, transformed to a religious sanctuary

Persian Wars

490- Marathon


480- naval at Salamis


479- land battle at Plataea




Funds from wins built temples




Persian war wins built the Acropolis with the Delian Treasury funds



Peloponnesian War

Athens lost

Parthenon

Had a Frieze but it was a Doric Order temple

Temple of Apollo Bassae

Doric order




Interior boasts 10 ionic half columns




On mainland of Greece but has ionic features

Two temples that are Doric but have Frieze

Parthenon and Temple of Apollo Bassae

Iron age time period (Dark age)

1200/1100-800/750 BC



Greek Renaissance time period

800/750-700BC

Archaic Period

700-480 BC





Mycenaean Palaces issue

Too specialized, if there was a collapse of one thing it all goes down

Dark ages causes

Gradual disappearing of the palaces, no single events more of a combination

Being close to a Palace in the Bronze age

meant your village was more worse off




Places away from palaces continued




Lefkandi thrives as it was far away from a palace

Trends in the Dark age

Loss of monumental stone architecture


Loss of literacy (Linear B)


Less specialization and production of crafts


Changes in burial practices


Decrease in populations


lost trade in this time

Dark age had a lack of

Archaeological evidence

Refugee Settlements

started in Dark age




Taking refuge away from something




Karphi on Crete

Major material in the Dark age/ Iron age

Iron, more durable

Karphi (the nail) issues

Location is high, not accessible


No evidence of clear planning- built quick

Karphi finds

Clay statues from a shrine area, could be from the Minoan world

Karphi Now

Very high up


Terrain is rough


Implies quick need to get away from the coast



Other name for Dark age or Iron age

Sub-Mycenaean age

Place to have emerging features during dark age

Lefkandi

Past excavations at Lefkandi found

Toumba builing and a number of burial areas

Current excavations at Lefkandi found

the surrounding occupation of Lefkandi, large house and granaries




Farmer destroyed as much as possible

Excavations of the Toumba

Front is the foreground




Back is a half circle

Sub- Mycenaean at Lefkandi

950 BC


Toumba was Huge and monumental


First example of a peripteral building


Storage pits, burials, platforms-rituals at front, shaft graves



Toumba is a

Large house of a chief or


a cult space where heres are worshiped

Peripteral

Fully surrounded columns

Burials at toumba

Being buried with horse shows prestige


Male was cremated, inhumed female both in the same shaft grave


Women covered by gold, shows trade


Large ceremony

Bronze vessels

At the toumba, cremated males


Hunt scene on the urn, money to hunt





Destruction of wealth

ability to bury gold

Plan of Lefkandi

Toumba covered with a huge tumulus (burial mound)

Centaur

Found in graves near the toumba

Protogeometric style


Mythological stories




Protogeometric style

prominent in 900 BC

Connected spaces

where one was buried the space takes on a scared deal

Communal Groups share

collective name


common myth decent


shared history


distint shared culture


association with a specific territory


sense of solidarity

Imported Pottery

Suggests coming out of the dark ages, lost trade in this time

Gold jewelry

gold found in burials in the toumba


showed elite


comes from northern europe

Heirlooms

a valuable object that has belonged to a family for several generations

Find from inside homes at Lefkandi

suggest reemergence of representational art


Lefkandi considerations

Foreign trade active


Public use/ function


sites used continually, and were further away from bronze age palaces and wereable to keep their economy going even just on a small scale

Lefkandi had a great

sense of community, lots of spirit



Other places in Greece compared to Lefkandi

Not much happening compare to here


Maybe suggest a collapse of Greece

Warrior Graves

900BC


iron finds including sword, spearheads, horse bits


Importantness of war


Cremation


Heroism gave you status



Athens and Toumba similarities

Graves of warriors, elites with lots of procession in them


Cremation

Tomb of the Rich Athenian Lady

Advanced geometric patter on vessels


Gold jewelry and ivory disk


Lady controlled surplus


Shows wealth ^^



Synoikism

City and countryside

Greek Renaissance was the start of the

Archaic Period

Greek Renaissance showed

Spatial distinctions, in size and complexity


Writing reappears


Trade from the east


Monumental temples


Elite display

Development of Sanctuaries

In the Greek Renaissance

Panhellenic

For all greeks, sanctuary is where they came together

Dipylon Jug

Named after where it was found


Inscriptions on the shoulder suggesting competitions were happening

Nestor Cup

Found on the coast of Italy


Nestor is from the Iliad


Poetry

Chigi Vase

Hoplite Warfare depicted

Bronze Amour in Archaic Greece

Was expensive, more accessible from trade

Hoplite Warfare

Working together, individual not as important




Movement towards democracy

Emergence In Archaic Greece

Temple


Tyrants


Greek Sanctuaries (Samos)

Tyrant

Someone who took power unlawfully

Samos and Olympia

Not cities but an extension of the city

Characteristic Unit of Government

polis

Two waves of migration to Greece

Dorian Invasion


Greeks from mainland migrated East



Karphi had..... refugees

Minoan

Lefkandi was located on the island of

Euboea

Early Polis was ruled by

Kings or chief


Sometimes a tyrant

Zagora

on a hill for defence


The schist, a stone for building used


Isolated graves



Temple of Zagora

Scared place


Porch and shrines on floors

Two most famous cemeteries

Toumba and Keramekois

Keramekois located

just outside the Dipylon Gate

Greek believe the dead were

ritually polluting, so they were outside the city

Corinth developed what type of poetry style

Protocorinthian”Orientalizing style

Best known examples of a Sanctuary in Greece

Samian Heraion, Hera on Samos

Greek sanctuary outdoor altar

focus of worship

Near east borrowing of

Coinage

Frist change in the temple plan was

Material- mudbrick to stone


Ground plan, elevation and decoration

Similarities between Doric and Ionic

Rectangle shape, orientated east and west, with the entrance on the east

How many steps up to a temple

3


Upper step was the stylobate

Doric and Ionic columns

The Doric column stands directly on thestylobate, whereas the Ionic column shaft rests on a round base.

Doric an Ionic Frieze

Doric frieze has triglyphs or vertically grooved pieces , alternate with metopes




The Ionicfrieze is plain

Spartan citizens

Perioikor- less rights, able to be in army




Helots- no rights, farmers

All work from Sparta

written by outsiders

Important aspect in Sparta

Group solidarity, training, no individualism

Difference between Athens and Sparta

Athens was a democracy


Sparta was a oligarchy

Two hills in Athens

thePnyx, the smaller of the two the Popular Assembly held its meetings


the Acropolis, or “high city,” had been the fortified center of the city since the BronzeAge.

Pythia

Oracle at Delphi

Stoa

walkway

Best known statue at Delphi

Bronze charioteer

Delphi and Olympia

Panhellenic area

Olympic Games began

776 BC

Temple of Zeus Pediments

East- displayed a scene from the mythical his-tory of Olympia


West- shows its subject at the high point of the action

Delian League formed in

478 BC



Parthenon metopes number

92

Erechtheion temple type

Ionic

Priene is famous for

an unusually well-preserved example of a Late Classical–Hellenistic city plan.

Hippodamus invented

the division of cities