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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which amphetamines are most commonly abused? |
Methamphetamine, dextroamphetamine, mephedrone and bath salts |
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Describe the dependence and tolerance to amphetamines. |
Mainly psychological dependence develops. Tolerance builds to the peripheral effects but not to the central effects. |
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What are the symptoms of amphetamine intoxication?
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- Extreme sympathetic activation - Organic psychosyndrome (confusion, disorientation) |
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What are the chronic consequences of amphetamine abuse?
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Amphetamine psychosis |
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What are the symptoms of MDMA intoxication? |
Hyperthermia, seizures, increased perspiration, increased thirst. Water intoxication and cerebral oedema can occur due to the excessive thirst. |
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What are the symptoms of amphetamine and cocaine withdrawal? |
Depression, anxiety, sedation, hyperphagia |
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What is the treatment of amphetamine and MDMA intoxication? |
Seizures -> benzodiazepines Gastric lavage with activated charcoal Hypertension, arrhythmia -> α and β-blockers Hyperthermia -> cooling Metabolic acidosis -> sodium bicarbonate Cerebral oedema -> mannitol |
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Describe the dependence of cocaine. |
Cocaine causes strong psychological dependence |
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What are the symptoms of cocaine intoxication? |
Sweating, chest pain, mydriasis, coronary vasospasm, arrhythmia, rhabdomyolysis. |
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What are the chronic consequences of cocaine abuse? |
Septum perforation, cardiomyopathy |
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What are the symptoms of caffeine intoxication? |
Anxiety, insomnia, tremor, nausea. Caffeine intoxication can be fatal. |
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What are the symptoms of nicotine intoxication? |
Bowel spasm, vomiting, sweating, anxiety |
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What are the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal? |
Irritability, insomnia, increased appetite, impaired cognitive functions |
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Which drugs can be used to treat nicotine addiction? |
Bupropion, varenicline |
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What are the symptoms of cannabis overdose? |
Drowsiness, anxiety, delusions, psychosis. Cannbis overdose is not fatal. |
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What are the symptoms of cannabis withdrawal?
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Unstable mood, depression, irritability. Withdrawal only occurs after chronic use. |
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What are the symptoms of psychedelic withdrawal? |
Psychadelics don't cause withdrawal symptoms. |
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What are the symptoms of psychedelic overdose? |
Hallucinations, illusions, depersonalization, confusion |
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What are the "flashbacks" that people who take psychedelics may experience? |
Weeks after using the psychedelic the user may experience a flashback, consiting of hallucinations, panic or depression. |
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What are the effects of amphetamines? |
Amphetamines cause locomotor stimulation, euphoria, reduced fatigue, reduced appetite, stereotypical behaviour and sympathetic activation. |
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What are the effects of cocaine?
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Cocaine causes similar effects as amphetamines, like locomotor stimulation, euphoria, reduced fatigue, reduced appetite, stereotypical behaviour and sympathetic activation. Hallucinations is less common in cocaine abuse, and the euphoria lasts shorter. |
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What is the mechanism of action of amphetamines? |
Amphetamines stimulate the release of the monoamines dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin in the CNS.They achieve this by acting as false substrates for norepinephrine transporter (NET)/uptake-1 and VMAT. This causes noradrenaline to leave the cytosol of the noradrenergic nerve ending and enter the synaptic cleft through NET. |
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What is the mechanism of action of cocaine? |
Cocaine competitively inhibits the uptake-1 mechanism, thereby preventing noradrenaline from being removed from the synaptic cleft. This increases monoamine transmission in the CNS and increasing peripheral sympathetic nerve activity. It also blocks sodium channels when applied locally and can therefore be used as a local anaesthetic. |
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What are the symptoms of caffeine withdrawal? |
Caffeine withdrawal occurs one or two days after the last cup and involves hypotension, headache, fatigue and irritability. |
