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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Identify how individuals take in, use, and store information
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information processing
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How do we see memory?
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-see changes in memory as continuous
-see changes in small accumulative ADDITIONS changes over time |
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NAME THREE PROCESSES IN MEMORY
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1 - ENCODING
2 - STORAGE 3.- RETRIEVAL |
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THE PROCESS BY WHICH INFORMATION IS INITIALLY RECORDED IN A FORM USABLE TO MEMORY.
PUTTING INFORMATION IN A FORM THAT HAD MEANING AND UNDERSTANDING |
ENCODING
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EXAMPLE:
TAKE NOTES IN A WRITTEN FORM THAT AID IN LEARNING |
ENCODING
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REFERS TO THE MAINTENANCE OF MATERIAL SAVED IN MEMORY
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STORAGE
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IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH MATERIAL IN MEMORY STORAGE IS LOCATED, BROUGHT INTO AWARENESS, AND USED
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RETRIEVAL
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WHAT TYPE OF THEORY IS PIAGET'S ?
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SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
BASED ON COGNITIVE DEVLOPMENT |
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PRODUCT OF DIRECT MMOTOR BEHAVIOR IN INFANTS
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KNOWLEDGE
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PIAGET'S UNIVERSAL STAGES (FIXED ORDER)
FOUR MAJOR STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT |
1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational 3. Concrete operations 4. Formal operations |
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IINFANTS MENTAL STRUCTURES CALLED
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SCHEMES
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******ORGANIZED PATTERNS OF OF SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTIONING THAT ADAPT AND CHANGE WITH MENTAL BEHAVIOR
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SCHEMES
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TWO PRINCIPLES UNDERLIE THE GROWTH IN CHILDREN'S SCHEMES
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ASSIMILATION
ACCOMMODATION |
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THE PROCESS IN WHICH PEOPLE UNDERSTAND AN EXPERIENCE IN TERMS OT THEIR CURRENT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT AND WAY OF THINKING |
ASSIMILATION
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change in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events.
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ACCOMMODATION
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AGE OF THE SENSORIMOTOR STAGE OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
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BIRTH UNITIL AGE OF 2
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HOW MANG STAGES IN SENSORIMOTOR
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6 SUBSTAGE
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Various reflexes determine the infant's interaction with world
SIMPLE REFLEXES FIRST MONTH OF LIFE |
SUBSTAGE 1
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AN ACTIVITY THAT PERMITS THE CONSTRUCTION OF COGNITIVE SCHEMES THROUGH REPETITION OF A CHANCE MOTOR EVENT
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CIRCULAR REACTION
SUBSTAGE 2 |
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FIRST HABITS AND PRIMARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS
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SUBSTAGE 2
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CIRCULAR REACTION
1-4 MONTHS |
SUB STAGE 2
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EXAMPLE:
INFANT'S REPEATING OF INTERESTING OR ENJOYABLE ACTIONS ON HIS OR HER OW N BODY |
PRIMARY CICULAR REACTIONS IN SUBSTAGE 2
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AGES 4-8 MONTHS
BEGINS TO ACT ON WORLD SHAKE RATTLE HAS SECONDARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS |
SUBSTAGE 3
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REPEATED ACTIONS MENT TO BRING ABUT A DESIRABLE CONSWAUENCE ON THE OUTSIDE WORLD
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SECONDARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS
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GOAL DIRECTED BEHAVIOR
OBJECT PERMANENCE 8-12 MONTHS |
SUBSTAGE 4
COORDINATION OF SECONDARY CIRULAR REACTIONS |
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WHERE SEVERAL SCHEMES ARE COMBINED AND COORDINATED TO GENERATE A SINGLE ACT TO SOLVE A PROBLEM
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GOAL - DIRECTED BEHAVIOR
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the realization that people and objects exist even when they can't be seen
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object permanence
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TERTIARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS
12-18 MONTHS |
SUBSTAGE 5
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DELIBERATE VARIATION OF ACTIONS TO BRING DESIRABLE CONSEQUENCES
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TERTIARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS
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BEGINING OF THOUGHT
18-24 MONTHS MENTAL REPRESENTATION DEFERRED IMITATION |
SUBSTAGE 6
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INTERNAL IMAGE OF PAST
EVENT OR OBJECT PERMITS THE CHILD TO UNDERSTAND CAUSALITY |
MENTAL REPRESENTATION
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A CHILD GAINS THE ABILITY TO USE ______________
IN WHICH A PERSON WHO IS NO LONGER PRESENT IS IMITATED BY CHILDREN WH HAVE WITNESSED A SIMILAR ACT |
DEFERRED IMITATION
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KNOWLEDGE IS THE PRODUCCT OF DIRECT MOTOR BEHAVIOR IN INFANTS
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PIAGET'S THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
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FOUNDATION OF INFORMATION PROCESSING
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ENCODING
STORAGE RETRIEVAL |
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THE PROCESS BY WHICH INFORMATION IS INITALLY RECORDED, STORED, AND RETRIEVED
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MEMORY
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MEMORY IMPROVES WITH AGE IN AN INFANT
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YES
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FROM RESEARCH, STATES THAT MEMORY DURING INFANCY IS DEPENDENT UPON THE ?
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HIPPOCAMPUS
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THE LACK OF MEMORY FOR EXPERIENCES THAT OCCURRED PRIOR TO3 YEARS OF AGE
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INFANTILE AMNESIA
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TWO SYSTEMS INVOLVED IN LONG-TERM MEMORY
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IMPLICIT MEMORY
EXPLICIT MEMORY |
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not consciously aware memories,
such as motor skills is the forerunner of explicit memory |
IMPLICIT MEMORY
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, conscious and recalled intentionally, such as recalling a name evolves later than implicit memory
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EXPLICIT MEMORY
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HOW DOES PIAGET'S LOOK AT INFOMATION PROCESSING
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QUANTITATIVE CHANGE
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is the systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, and provides the basis for communication.
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LANGUAGE
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B. Language has several formal characteristics that must be mastered as linguistic competence is developed NAME 3`
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PHONOLOGY- PHONEMES
MORPHEMES SEMANTICS |
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refers to the basic sounds of language
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PHONOLOGY
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that can be combined to produce words.
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PHOMEMES
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SMALLEST LANUAGE UNIT THAT HAS MEANING
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MORPHEMES
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THE RULES THAT GOVERN THE MEANING OF WORDS AND SENTENCES
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SEMANTICS
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1.is the understanding of speech.
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LINGUISTIC COMPREHENSION
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the use of language to communicate
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LINGUISTIC PRODUCTION
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WHAT PRECEDES PRODUCTION
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COMPHREHENSION
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4.Infants show ____________through sounds, facial expressions, gestures, imitations, and other nonlinguistic means
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PRELINGUISTIC COMMUNICATION
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NAME THREE PRELINGUISTIC COMMUNICATION
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BABBLING
HOHOPHRASES TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH |
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is when infants make speechlike but meaningless sounds at about 2 to 3 months of age continuing to about 1 year.
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BABBLING - A UNIVERSAL PHENOMENON
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FIRST WORDS SPOKEN BETWEEN
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10 AND 14 MONTHS
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FIRST WORDS ARE USUALLY WHAT
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HOLOPHRASES
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one-word utterances that depend on the particular context in which they are used to determine meaning.
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HOLOPHRASES
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6.By age 18 months, infants are linking words in sentences using
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TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH
where words not critical to the message are left out. |
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TWO TYPES OF TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH
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UNDEREXTENSION
OVEREXTENSION |
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using words too restrictively, is common
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UNDEREXTENSION
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using words too broadly, is also common.
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OVEREXTENSION
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NAME TWO STYLE OF LANGUAGES
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REFERENTIAL STYLE
EXPRESSIVE STYLE |
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of language use in which language is used primarily to label objects.
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REFERENTIAL STYLE
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of language use in which language is used primarily to express feelings and needs about oneself and others.
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EXPRESSIVE STYLE
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suggests that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning.
a. It does not explain how children produce novel phrases, sentences, and constructions, such as nonsense words, using correct grammar. |
LEARNING THEORY APPROACH
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which proposes that a genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development.
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NATIVIST APPROACH
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WHO PROPSED BY
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NOAM CHOMSKY
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THE BRAIN IS WIRED WITH
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LANGUAGE-ACQUISITION DEVICE (lad)
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a neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit the understanding of language.
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LANGUAGE-ACQUISITION DEVICE (lad)
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An alternative approach unites both schools of thought
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INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
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suggests that language development is produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental events.
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INTERACTIONIST PER SPECTIVE
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SPEAKING TO CHILDREN IS CALLED
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THE LANGUAGE OF INFANT-DIRECT SPEECH
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a type of speech directed towards infants, characterized by short, simple sentences.
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INFANT-DIRECTED SPEECH
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INFANT-DIRECTED SPEECH WAS CALLED
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MOTHERESE
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(1)Pitch of voice becomes higher.
(2)Intonation may be singsong. (3)Typically only used during first year. |
MOTHERESE
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WHAT DOES RESEARCH SHOW THAT PARENTS DO FOR LANGUAGE
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USE DIFFERENT LANGUGAGE FOR BOYS THAN GIRLS
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warmer phrases and more emotional referents and tend to make refusals less direct.
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USE OF DIMINUTIVES WITH GIRLS
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USE FIRMER, CLEARER LANGUAGE WITH
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BOYS
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