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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
ANC - absolute neutrophil count
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a calc. of the actual number of neutrophils in the circulation, provides a rough indication of infection risk
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anergy
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diminshed reactivity to antigens (transient or complete)
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anemia
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decreased RBC count
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angiogenesis
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formation of new blood vessels, such as in a healing wound or in a malignant tumor
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angular cheilosis
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cracking sore at corner of mouth
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aplasia
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lack of cellular development (eg, of cells with the bone marrow)
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apoptosis
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complex process of programmed cell death
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band cell
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slightly immature neutrophil
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blast cell
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primitive WBC
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cytokines
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hormones produced by leukocyte that are vital to regulation of hematopoiesis, apoptosis, and immune responses
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D-dimer
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test that measures fibrin breakdown; considered to be more specific than fibrin degradation products in the diagnosis of DIC
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differentiation
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development of functions and characteristics that are different from those of the parent stem cell
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dysplasia
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abnormal development (eg, of blood cells); size, shape, and appearance of cells are altered
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ecchymosis
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bruise
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erythrocyte aka
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RBC
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ESR - erythrocyte sedimentation rate
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measures the rate of settling of RBCs; elevation is indication of inflammation
-aka the "sed rate" |
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elevated ESR indicates...
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inflammation
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erythroid cells
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broad tem used in refernce to any cell that is or will become a mature RBC
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erythropoisesis
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process of formation of RBCs
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The callus that develops at the fracture site is important because it provides which of the following?
Functional use of the injured part sufficient support for weight bearing means for adequate blood supply Means for holding bone fragments together. |
Means for holding bone fragments together - New bone cells are formed in large numbers and stimulated to maximum activity. They are found at the site of the injury. In time, calcium salts are absorbed to form the callus.
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fibrin
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filamentous protein; basis of thrombus and blood clot
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fibrinogen
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protein converted into fibrin to form thrombus and clot
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fibrinolysis
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process of breakdown of fibrin clot
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granulocyte
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granulated WBC (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil); sometimes uses synonymously with neutrophil
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granulocytopenia
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fewer than normal granulocytes
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hematocrit
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% of total blood volume consisting of RBCs
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hematopoiesis
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complex process of the formation and maturation of blood cells
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Hgb - hemoglobin
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iron-containing protein of RBCs; delivers oxygen to tissues
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hemolysis
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destruction of RBCs; can occur within or outside of the vasculature
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hemosiderin
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iron-containing pigment derived from breakdown of hemoglobin
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hemostasis
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intricate balance between clot formation and clot dissolution
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histiocytes
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cells present in all loose CT, capable of phagocytosis; part of the RES
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hyperplasia
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abnormally increased proliferation of normal cells
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hypochromia
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pallor within the RBC caused by decreased hemoglobin content
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left shift aka shift to the left
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increased release of immature forms of WBCs from the bone marrow in response to need
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leukocyte is aka
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WBC; there are 5 subtypes of leukocytes
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leukemia
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uncontrolled proliferation of WBCs, often immature
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leukopenia
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less than normal amount of WBCs in circulation
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lymphoid
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pertaining to lymphocytes
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lymphocyte
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one of the 5 subtypes of WBC, involved in immune function
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lysis
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destruction of cells
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macrocytosis
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larger than normal RBCs
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macrophage
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cells of the RES that are capable of phagocytosis
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mast cell
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cells found in CT involved in defense of the body and coagulation
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microcytosis
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smaller than normal RBCs
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monocyte
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large WBC that becomes a marcrophage when it leaves the circulation and moves into body tissues
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myeloid
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pertaining to nonlymphoid blood cells that differentiate into RBCs, platelets, monocytes and macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells
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myelopoiesis
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formation and maturation of cells derived from myeloid stem cell
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neutropenia
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lower than normal number of neutrophils
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neutrophil
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fully mature WBC capable of phagocytosis; primary defense against bacterial infection
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what is the primary defense against bacterial infection?
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the neutrophils!!! neutropenic precautions!
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normochromic
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normal RBC color, indicating normal amount of hemoglobin
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normocytic
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normal size of RBC
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nucleated RBC
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immature form of RBC; portion of nucleus remains with the red cell; not normally seen in circulating blood
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oxyhemoglobin
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combined form of oxygen and hemoglobin; found in arterial blood
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pancytopenia
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abnormal decrease in WBCs, RBCs, and platelets
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petechiae
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tiny capillary hemorrhages
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phagocytosis
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process of ingestion and digestion of bacteria by cells
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plasma
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liquid portion of blood
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plasminogen
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protein that is converted to plasmin to dissolve thrombi and clots
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platelet aka thrombocyte
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involved in blood coagulation
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poikilocytosis
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variation in shpae of RBCs
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polycythemia
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excess RBCs
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RBC aka erythrocyte
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involved in the transport of oxygen andd carbon dioxide
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reticulocytes
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slighty immature RBCs, usually only 1% of total circulating RBCs
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reticuloendothelial system (RES)
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complex system of cells throughout the body capable of phagocytosis
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serum
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portion of blood remaining after coagulation occurs
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stem cell
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primitive cell, capable of self-replication and differentiation into myeloid or lymphoid stem cell
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thrombin
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enzyme necesssary to convert fibrinogen into fibrin clot
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thrombocytopenia
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lower than normal platelet count
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thrombocytosis
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higher than normal platelet count
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WBC
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aka leukocytes; cellular components of blood involved in defense of the body; subtypes include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes
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extramedually hematopoiesis
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in adults with disease that causes marrow destruction, fibrosis, or scarring, the liver and spleen can also resume production of blood cells by this process
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lymphoid stem cells produce
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T or B lymphocytes
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the 3 broad cell types that arise from myeloid stem cells
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erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets ( so a defect in myeloid stem cells can cause problems with all three of these
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RBC, why biconcave?
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also soft and pliable so it can change its shape
-provides a large surface area that facilitates the absorptionand release of oxygen molecules |
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RBC, why thin membrane?
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for easy diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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Stem cells are located in the ..... and are able to .....
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bone marrow....self repllicate
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hematopoiesis take place in the ...
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bone marrow, and also by the liver an spleen through extramedullary hematopoiesis
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blood volume normal adult
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5-6 liters
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does the normal RBC have a nucleus?
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no
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color of arterial blood
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bright red
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color of venous blood
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dark red
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whole blood contains how much hemoglobin per 100 mL blood?
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15 gram Hgb / 100 mL blood
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if increased reticulocytes
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? actively bleeding
-in response to an overal increased demand for RBCs |
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RBCs circulate for....... after which....
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120 days....after which the liver and spleen will remove them
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which WBCs are involved in hypersensitivity reactions?
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eosinophils and basophils, especially basophils
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neutrophils main function...
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phagocytosis
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lymphocytes are responsible for what kind of immunity?
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both cellular and humoral
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hgb is how much of the RBC mass?
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95%
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In arterial blood, hgb binds with oxygen. In venous blood, hgb combines with..
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hydrogen ions produced by cellular metabolism and thus buffers excessive acid
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erythropoiesis -4 cells phases
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myeloid stem cell -> erythroblast -> reticulocyte -> erythrocyte
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reticulocytes and other immature cells are often seen when....
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the liver or spleen take over as the site of erythropoiesis and more immature cells are released into the cicurlation
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If the kidney detects low levels of oxygen (as in anemia or high altitudes).....
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the release of EPO is increased, stimulating the marrow to increase production of erythrocytes. the entire process typically takes 5 days
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iron is lost in ...
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feces, eith in bile, blood, or mucosal cells from the intestine
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normal iron concentration. M v F
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M-75-175
F-65-165 |
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daily intake of iron should be
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10-15 mg + 2 mg for women still menstruating
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if iron is deficient, erythrocytes produced by the marrow will be...
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small and low in Hgb
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iron deficiency, in adults, generally indicates....
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that blood has been lost from the body (from GI tract bleeding, eg colon cancer, or heavy menstrual flow). lack of dietary iron is rarely the cause of iron-deficiency anemia
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folic acid..all about
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-absorbed in the proximal small intestine
-only small amounts are stored within the body -if diet deficient, stores quickly become depleted - |
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vitamin B12 info...
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-combines with intrinsic factor, which is produced in the stomach
-this complex is absorbed in the distal ileum |
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hose with a partial or total gastrectomy may have limited amount of instrinsic factor, and therefore
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the absorption of vitamin B12 may be diminished
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effects of folic acid and VB12 deficiencies...(decreased absorption or decreased intake)
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-not apparent for 2-4 years
-MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA-megaloblasts, many become trapped while still in the bone marrow, and their rate of release is decreased. some die in marrow. |
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where do the components of RBC destruction go?
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-most of hgb is recycled, some breaks down to bilirubin and is secreted in the bile
-iron - most recycled to form new hgb in bone marrow, small amounts lost daily in feces and urine and monthly in menstrual flow |
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neutrophils are aka
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PMNs, polys, polymorphonuclear neutrophils
segs - segmented neutrophils |
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band cells
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somewhat less mature neutrophil (single-lobed instead of 2-5 lobes) that can increase greatly under conddition in which neutrophil production increase, such as infection, this would be called a left shift
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entire process of maturation differentiation of the neutrophil takes..
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10 days
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normal life span of platelets
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7-10 days
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importance of albumin
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-maintenance of fluid balance within the vascular system. capillary walls are impermeable to album, so its presence in the plasma creates an osmotic force that keeps fluid in the vascular space. it is produced by the liver. It has the capcity to bind to several substances that are transported in the plasma (certain meds, bilirubin, some hormones). people with poor liver function may have low albumin, with a resultant decrease in osmotic pressure and the development of edema
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why might edema occur with impaired liver function?
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low albumin concentrations decrease the osmotic pressure of the vascular space, leading to fluid shifts
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monocytes to macrophages
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monocytes are released from the marrow, spend a short time in circulation, about 24 hours, then enter the body tissue. differentiate into macrophages, which can survive for month
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functions of macrophages
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-phagocytosis of foreign invaders (bacteria and other pathogens)
-remove old or damaged cells from circulation -stimulate the inflammatory process -present antigens to the immune system -give rise to histiocytes -are part of the RES |
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histiocytes include
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-Kupffer cells of the liver, peritoneal macrophages, alveolar macrophages,
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what is the site of activity for most macrophages
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the spleen
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if the spleen is enlarged,
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a greater proportion of red cells and platelets can be sequestered.
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functions of spleen
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-removes materials from reticulocytes so they can mature to erythrocytes
-pool many platelets (20-40%) and some erythrocytes (5%) -major source of hematopoiesis in fetal life -can resume hematopoiesis later in adulthood if necessary, like if bone marrow fn is compromised -immunologic - forms opsonins that promote the phagosytosis of neutrophils, forms the antibody IgM after exposure to an antigen |
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hemostasis
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the process of preventing blood loss from intact vessels and of stopping bleeding from a severed vessel.
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anemia in elderly patients
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-frequently reswults from iron deficiency (in blood loss), nutritional deficiency (esp folic acid or VB12), protein-calorie malnutrition
-also in inflammation or chronic disease -id cause and treat it |
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the spleen as part of the RES specifically removes what from newly released reticulocytes?
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nuclear fragments, denatured hemoglobin, iron
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