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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
UCR - 1
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- aggregate crimes rates only
- no details - publicly available |
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UCR - 2
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- more details
- restricted access |
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The "Dark Figure of Crime"
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The crimes that are excluded from UCR official data.
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Advantages of the UCR
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- nationwide crime statistics
- inexpensive to obtain - allows comparisons across time and place. - can be linked to other government data sources. |
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Disadvantages of the UCR
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- emphasizes conventional street crimes
- dark figure of crime is a major bias |
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Advantages of Victimization Surveys
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- study the "dark figure"
- more information about the victims - more adequate to study some crime types that are systematically misreported in the UCR: family/partner violence, sexual assault |
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Disadvantages of Victimization Surveys
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- memory decay, telescoping and misreporting data
- refusal to participate in the survey victimizations for serious crimes are relatively rare. - does not interview nonresident victims (incarcerated people, the homeless, etc.) - limited information about offenders |
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Advantages of Self-Report Crime Surveys
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- avoid the "dark figure" of official data
- very relevant source of information - includes much more information about the offenders than official UCR data. - can sometimes be linked to other data regarding offenders. |
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Disadvantages of Self-Report Crime Surveys
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- memory decay and telescoping
- tend to sample limited groups that are not representative of the larger population - social desirability bias (overeport some behaviours, undereport others) |
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Causal Relationship of Crime
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1. the causal effect precedes crime
2. that a change in the cause variable with lead to a predictable change in crime. |
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Correlate Relationship of Crime
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A correlate of crime is only statistically associated with crime, but is not necessarily a cause.
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Deterministic Causality
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The causal effect works all the time; it is a natural principle.
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Probabilistic Causality
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The causal effect increases or decreases the probability of an outcome.
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Clinical Prediction
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Highly trained psychologists interview offenders, review their files, and provide their views about the risk of future criminal behaviours.
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Actuarial Prediction
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Offenders' characteristics and prior criminal behaviours are used with statistical tables to calculate an average risk of future criminal behaviours.
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