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283 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does BIOS stand for? |
Basic Input-Output System |
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What does U.E.F.I. stand for? |
Unified Extensible Firmware Interface |
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What is a boot sequence? |
Sequential order in which BIOS searches for a bootable device. |
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What is CMOS and what does it do? |
Component of BIOS which typically holds settings, configuration, and security information specific to BIOS |
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What does the BIOS user password do? |
BIOS-level password to allow the computer to be used or boot to an operating system |
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What does the BIOS admin/supervisor password do? |
BIOS-level password to allow a user to make changes to BIOS settings |
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What is ATX and what are some of its characteristics? |
Motherboard form factor designed for desktop computers Allows expansion cards to use full length of the case 12" x 9.6" |
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What is micro-ATX and what are some of its characteristics? |
Motherboard form factor designed for desktop computers Allows expansion cards to use full length of the case, although fewer expansion slots than full-size ATX motherboards 9.6" x 9.6" |
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What is mini-ITX and what are some of its characteristics? |
Largest of the ITX family Small Form Factor motherboards Allows use of a single expansion card 6.7" x 6.7" |
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What is ITX, in general? |
Family of motherboard form factors designed for small or limited applications |
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What is PCI? |
Peripheral Component Interface Expansion card standard allowing additional circuit boards to be added to the motherboard for additional use 33 or 66 MHz over a 32-bit (4 Byte) shared bus or 64-bit |
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What is PCI-X? |
Expansion card standard which uses the 64-bit standard of PCI and operates at a higher frequency. Typically used for servers |
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What is PCIe? |
Expansion card standard using serial communication which uses switching technology instead of a shared bus to allow more bandwidth per "lane" of communication. |
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What is mini-PCI? |
Expansion card standard using a parallel shared bus for a laptop |
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What is an expansion slot? |
Slot on motherboard to allow additional circuit boards to be added to the motherboard, thus expanding the capabilities of that computer. ex. Graphics card to add HDMI connections |
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What is the Northbridge? |
Component of the traditional chipset which controls communications between RAM and the CPU, as well as communications from PCIe or AGP expansion slots and the CPU |
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What is the Southbridge? |
Component of the traditional chipset which controls communications between lower level devices and the other component of the traditional chipset, such as USB, sound card, keyboard/mouse, and PCI expansion slots |
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What are characteristics of a DDR SDRAM stick? |
184-pin RAM on a 5.375" stick Double Data Rate - transfers two bits of data in a given clock cycle |
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What are characteristics of a DDR2 SDRAM stick? |
240-pin RAM on a 5.375" stick Double Data Rate RAM which effectively transfers four bits of data in a given clock cycle |
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What are characteristics of a DDR3 SDRAM stick? |
240-pin RAM on a 5.375" stick Double Data Rate RAM which effectively transfers 8 bits of data in a given clock cycle |
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What is SODIMM? |
Small-Outline Dual-Inline Memory Module Type of RAM stick used primarily in laptop computers |
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What is a DIMM? |
Dual-Inline Memory Module Type of RAM stick primarily used in desktop computers |
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What is parity RAM? |
A type of RAM which includes a "parity" bit with each byte of information which is used to verify that each byte of information has been transferred accurately Primarily used on servers |
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What is ECC RAM? |
Error Correcting Code - RAM which uses an algorithm similar to that of parity RAM but allows for the correction of a single bit error in a byte of data Primarily used on servers |
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What is buffered RAM? |
RAM which includes a register which provides temporary storage of information while the CPU or other devices are in use Primarily used on servers |
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What is multi-channel RAM? |
Two or more RAM slots designed to talk to the CPU in tandem, allowing for increased efficiency and throughput Slots on the motherboard are often colored to indicate matching pairs. |
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What is a CD-ROM or CD-RW, how does it store data, and how much can it store? |
Form of removable media originally designed for audio which stores data on an optical disc read by laser, instead of storing data magnetically. Typical capacities are 650 or 700 MB. -ROM indicates "Read Only Memory" -RW indicates "Re-Writable" |
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What is a DVD-ROM, how does it store data, and what is a typical capacity? |
Form of removable media which stores data on an optical disc read by a laser. Originally designed to support both video and data. Typical capacity of a single-sided, single-layer DVD is 4.7 GB |
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What is the capacity of a DVD-R/RW SS/SL disc? |
Single-Sided, Single-Layer DVD 4.7GB |
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What is the capacity of a DVD-R/RW DS/SL disc? |
Double-Sided, Single-Layer DVD 9.4GB |
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What is the capacity of a DVD-R/RW SS/DL disc? |
Single-Sided, Dual-Layer DVD 8.5GB |
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What is the capacity of a DVD-R/RW DS/DL disc? |
Double-Sided, Dual-Layer DVD 17.1 GB |
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What is a BD-ROM and how does it store data? |
Removable media stored on an optical disc read by a laser. Uses a much shorter wavelength for the laser, allowing for more densely stored data. Drives are backwards compatible with other forms of optical media, allowing older formats to be read by Blu-Ray drives. |
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What is the capacity of a BD-R/RE SS/SL disc? |
Single-Sided, Single-Layer Blu-Ray 25GB |
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What is the capacity of a BD-R/RE SS/DL disc? |
Single-Sided, Dual-Layer Blu-Ray 50GB |
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What is the capacity of a BD-R/RE DS/DL disc? |
Double-Sided, Dual-Layer Blu-Ray 100GB |
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What is an HDD? |
Hard Disk Drive Permanent storage device which saves data magnetically on spinning, double-sided platters. |
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What are common HDD Speeds? |
Common desktop and laptop HDD speeds are 5400 and 7200 rpm High-performance applications may use drives with 10,000 or 12,000 rpm speeds |
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Define "hot swappable" |
Able to be connected or disconnected while the system is still powered |
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What is an SSD? |
Solid State Drive Permanent storage which stores information on flash or bubble memory |
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What is an SD, micro-SD, or mini-SD? |
Most common flash media format, seen often in cell phones, tablets, and digital cameras |
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What is an xD? |
Proprietary form of flash memory used exclusively in digital cameras and camcorders |
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What is a hybrid hard drive? |
A hard disk drive which incorporates flash memory to act as a buffer to speed up some interactions |
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What is Compact Flash? |
Form of flash card memory introduced in 1994, quickly surpassed by other forms of flash memory |
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What is eMMC? |
Embedded MultiMediaCard Form of flash card memory that's permanently embedded on the circuit board of smaller or cheaper mobile devices |
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What are the characteristics of RAID 0 and how many drives are required? |
Offers improvement to speed but not redundancy by "striping" information across drives, effectively splitting incoming data into smaller pieces and saving each piece to a separate drive Requires a minimum of 2 hard disk drives |
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What are the characteristics of RAID 1 and how many drives are required? |
Offers improvement to redundancy but not speed by "mirroring" information across drives, effectively saving the same information to each sector on two or more drives Requires a minimum of 2 hard disk drives |
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What are the characteristics of RAID 5 and how many drives are required? |
Offers improvements to both speed and redundancy by splitting incoming data into pieces and creating a parity piece used to reassemble information on a lost drive from the remaining pieces Requires a minimum of 3 hard disk drives |
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What are the characteristics of RAID 10 and how many drives are required? |
Improvements to both speed and redundancy by splitting incoming data into pieces and saving duplicates to each piece to multiple drives Requires a minimum of 4 hard disk drives |
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What is a tape drive? |
Type of permanent storage which relies on saving data in a sequential order magnetically on wound tape. |
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How many pins are in an LGA 775 socket, who makes it, when did they start, and which processors use it? |
775 pin, LGA socket designed by Intel in 2004, supporting the Pentium 4 and Core 2 processors |
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How many pins are in an LGA 1156 socket, who makes it, when did they start, and which processors use it? |
1156 pin, LGA socket designed by Intel in 2009, supporting the Core i3, i5, and i7 processors on the Nehalem architecture |
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How many pins are in an LGA 1155 socket, who makes it, when did they start, and which processors use it? |
1155 pin, LGA socket designed by Intel in 2011, supporting the Sandy Bridge and Ivy Bridge architectures |
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How many pins are in an LGA 1150 socket, who makes it, when did they start, and which processors use it? |
1150 pin, LGA socket designed by Intel in 2013, supporting Haswell and Broadwell architectures |
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How many pins are in an LGA 1366 socket, who makes it, when did they start, and which processors use it? |
1366 pin, LGA socket designed by Intel in 2008, supporting Core i7 processors on the Nehalem architecture |
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How many pins are in an LGA 2011 socket, who makes it, when did they start, and which processors use it? |
2011 pin, LGA socket designed by Intel in 2011, supporting Sandy Bridge-E/EP, Ivy Bridge-E/EP, and Haswell-E/EP architectures |
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How many pins are in an AM3 socket, who makes it, when did they start, and which processors use it? |
941 pin, PGA socket designed by AMD in 2009, supporting Athlon II and Phenom II processors |
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How many pins are in an AM3+ socket, who makes it, when did they start, and which processors use it? |
942 pin, PGA socket designed by AMD in 2011, supporting Athlon II and Phenom II processors |
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How many pins are in an FM1 socket, who makes it, when did they start, and which processors use it? |
905 pin, PGA socket designed by AMD in 2011, supporting CPUs with the "AMD 10h" architecture |
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How many pins are in an FM2 socket, who makes it, when did they start, and which processors use it? |
904 pin, PGA socket designed by AMD in 2012, supporting CPUs with the "Piledriver" architecture |
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How many pins are in an FM2+ socket, who makes it, when did they start, and which processors use it? |
906 pin, PGA socket designed by AMD in 2014, supporting CPUs with the "Steamroller" architecture |
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What is hyperthreading? |
Intel's method of simultaneous multithreading (SMT) implementation, allowing one core to appear as two |
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What are L1, L2, and L3 caches made from and what are they used for? |
Made from SRAM or Static RAM Used for very fast, temporary storage of information physically close to the CPU to improve its efficiency |
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What is the primary benefit of a 64-bit processor over a 32-bit processor? |
Supports more than 4GB RAM |
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What is an NX bit and why is it used? |
A no-execute or disable execute bit setting which refuses to execute code in a given memory location |
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What is a heat sink and what is its function? |
A metal block, typically made up of aluminum, designed to conduct heat away from a heat source |
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What is the most common type of cooling system in a modern PC? |
Heat sink and Fan |
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What is thermal paste used for? |
To facilitate the movement of heat from the CPU into the heat sink, primarily by eliminating any small pockets of air between the two. |
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How does a liquid-based cooling system work? |
Fluid is pumped through tubing attached to the CPU to a radiator and fan assembly thus providing quiet and effective removal of heat from the CPU |
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How does a fanless or passive cooling system work? |
One form of fanless cooling system includes a very large heat sink that uses the natural flow of air through the case to eliminate heat. Others include heat pipes which cause a liquid to boil, move through the pipe to an area where it condenses (losing its heat) and the liquid cycling back around to be boiled again. |
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What are the speed differences between USB 1.1, 2.0, and 3.0? |
USB 1.1 can run up to 12 Mbps USB 2.0 can run up to 480 Mbps USB 3.0 can run up to 5 Gbps |
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Name this connector |
USB Type B |
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Name this connector |
USB 3.0 Type B |
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Name this connector |
USB micro-B |
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Name this connector |
USB 3.0 micro-B |
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Name this connector |
USB Type A |
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Name this connector |
USB 3.0 Type A |
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Name this connector |
USB mini-B |
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Name this connector |
Firewire 400 (6-pin) IEEE 1394a |
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Name this connector |
Firewire 800 (9-pin) IEEE 1394b |
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Name this connector |
3-Prong Case Fan Connector |
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Name this connector |
P1 Power Connector a.k.a ATX12V or EPS12V
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Name this connector |
4 and 8 pin CPU/AUX Power Connector (12V) |
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Name this connector |
6 and 8 pin PCIe Power Connector |
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Name this connector |
Molex Power Connector |
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Name this connector |
SATA Power Connector |
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Name this connector |
SATA Data Connector |
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Name these connectors |
eSATA Connector |
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Name this connector |
VGA Connector |
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Name this connector |
HDMI Connector |
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Name this connector |
DVI-A Connector |
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Name this connector |
DVI-D Connector |
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Name this connector |
DVI-I Connector |
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Name this connector |
DVI-D Dual Link Connector |
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Name this connector |
DVI-I Dual Link Connector |
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Name this connector |
Mini-Audio Connector a.k.a. 1/8" TRS a.k.a. 3.5mm TRS |
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Name this connector |
S/PDIF Audio Connector (optical) TOSLINK |
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Name this connector |
Component Audio (RCA) |
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Name this connector |
RJ-45 |
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Name this connector |
RJ-11 |
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Name this connector |
Thunderbolt |
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Name this connector |
DisplayPort |
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Name this connector |
BNC |
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Name this connector |
miniHDMI |
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Name this connector |
miniDIN-4 (S-Video) |
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Name this connector |
PS/2 or Mini-DIN-6 |
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Name this connector |
F-Type Coaxial Connector |
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Name this connector |
SC Fiber-optic Connector |
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Name this connector |
ST Fiber-optic Connector |
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Name this connector |
LC Fiber-optic Connector |
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What does this diagram show? |
EIA/TIA 568A Standard |
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What does this diagram show? |
EIA/TIA 568B Standard |
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What do sound cards do and how do they differ? |
A device which converts computer signals into an audible output for the user. These devices commonly differ in the number (2.1, 5.1, 7.1) and type of connections they support, signal/sound quality, frequency range (low to high pitch sounds), and other features included with their drivers. |
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What does a TV tuner card do? |
This device converts a signal typically input to a television into a digital format the computer can use. Many include video capture capabilities which allow the user to save this input signal. |
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What does a video card do? |
This device converts computer signals into a visual output format. Common connectors on such a card include HDMI, VGA, and DVI, although some also include DisplayPort, S-video, and composite or component video from specialized cards. Usually includes a graphical processor (GPU) and RAM dedicated for graphics. |
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What does a network interface card do? |
This device provides support for communication to and from the computer with other computers and devices. Typically, this communication will be done over UTP cables with an RJ-45 connector but may also be done over coaxial or fiber-optic cables. |
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What does a wireless card do? |
This device allows a computer to communicate with other devices without a direct physical connection, typically through 802.11 standard communications over radio frequencies, but could also communicate over infrared frequencies (light) or cellular networks. |
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What is a riser card? |
This device allows expansion cards to be inserted parallel to the motherboard instead of perpendicular. This allows for a computer with a much thinner case. |
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What is an input/output card? |
This device allows for added expansion of common data connections such as USB, Thunderbolt, eSATA, or FireWire/IEEE1394. |
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What is a modem card? |
This device allows for communication between the computer and other computers/devices specifically through analog telephone signals. |
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What are the classifications for Bluetooth devices, power usage, and transmission distances? |
Class 1 - 100 m distance using 100mW Class 2 - 10 m distance using 2.5mW Class 3 - 1 m distance using 1mW |
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What is the maximum speed and transmission distance for an IrDA connection? |
Communications using these light frequencies can transmit up to 1 m at 1Gbps |
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What is NFC and how does it work? |
Near Field Communication operates by having an initiator which generates a small radio frequency field which powers the target, which can then respond to communications. |
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What is the frequency, speed, and distance (indoor and out) of the 802.11a wireless standard? |
5GHz at a maximum of 54Mbps, over a range of 35m (indoors) or 120m (outdoors) |
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What is the frequency, speed, and distance (indoor and out) of the 802.11b wireless standard? |
2.4GHz at a maximum of 11Mbps, over a range of 40m (indoors) or 140m (outdoors) |
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What is the frequency, speed, and distance (indoor and out) of the 802.11g wireless standard? |
2.4GHz at a maximum of 54Mbps, over a range of 40m (indoors) or 140m (outdoors) |
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What is the frequency, speed, and distance (indoor and out) of the 802.11n wireless standard? |
5GHz and/or 2.4GHz at a maximum of 600Mbps, over a range of 70m (indoors) or 250m (outdoors) |
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What is the frequency, speed, and distance (indoor and out) of the 802.11ac wireless standard? |
5GHz at a maximum of 1300Mbps, over a range of 35m (indoors) or 140m (outdoors) |
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What is an analog signal? |
A transmission typically characterized by a physical characteristic to transfer data, such as a voltage or wavelength |
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What is a digital signal? |
A transmission characterized by a numerical coding system. The system typically used by today's computers is some form of binary (0s and 1s) |
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What are the characteristics of a graphic, CAD, or CAM workstation? |
- Multicore processor - High-end video card and monitor(s) - Maximum RAM |
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What are the characteristics of an audio/video editing workstation? |
- Specialized audio and video cards - Dual monitors - Large quantity of fast storage |
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What are the characteristics of a virtualization workstation? |
- As many multicore processors as possible preferrably those with VT (Intel) or V (AMD) technology - Maximum RAM |
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What are the characteristics of a home theater PC? |
- Surround sound capable audio - HDMI output - HTPC form factor computer - TV tuner card |
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What are the characteristics of a home server PC? |
- Fast network interface card (Gigabit or better) - RAID array - Media streaming - File and print sharing |
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What are the characteristics of a gaming PC? |
- Fast, multicore processor - High-end video card and GPU - High-def sound card - High-end cooling |
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What are the characteristics of a standard thick client? |
- Ability to run a variety of desktop applications - Meets recommended system requirements for OS |
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What are the characteristics of a thin client? |
- Ability to run basic applications - Meets minimum system requirements for OS - Network connection |
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What are the characteristics of a TN display? |
Twisted Nematic displays tend to be cheaper with less color accuracy, less required power, a smaller viewing angle, and are more sensitive to touch, although they tend to respond more rapidly than other LCD technologies. |
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What are the characteristics of an IPS display? |
In-Plane Switching displays tend to be more expensive, require more power, and are not as responsive as other LCD technologies, but offer a much wider viewing angle, are not sensitive to touch, and produce very color-accurate displays. |
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What are the two most common backlight sources for LCD displays and their characteristics? |
Displays using CCFL backlights use Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamps to illuminate their displays, which require AC power (DC power used to drive the pixels must be converted back to AC power for the backlight) Displays using an array of LEDs (light emitting diodes) to illuminate their displays use DC power |
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How does a plasma display work? |
An electrical charge is placed across a container holding ionized gas, which then glows based on the gas composition. These displays use large arrays of very small such containers to produce a very high quality image with a very high refresh rate. |
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How does an OLED display work? |
Organic light emitting diodes are used to both produce the image and provide the light source for the display, eliminating the need for a backlight, as with LCD displays. Since these light sources are independent, they can produce much darker black colors than other LCD displays. |
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What are some characteristics of a projector? |
Since images are projected onto another surface, these devices must allow for imperfections and variances in the angle of the device to the viewing surface, as well as color variations, distance to the surface (referred to as the device's throw), and the brightness of the image relative to the surrounding area. |
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What is the refresh rate and why is it important? |
The frequency or maximum number of times per second an image is redrawn on a display. Higher rates typically result in a more fluid display. Common rates for LCD televisions are 60, 120, 240, and 480Hz. Plasma displays are frequently around 600Hz. LCD computer monitors can provide more variance, but must be set to a rate the video adapter and monitor can both support. |
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What is resolution? |
The number of horizontal pixels multiplied by the number of vertical pixels |
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What are common aspect ratios? |
The ratio of horizontal pixels to vertical pixels. Commonly seen ratios are 16:9, 16:10, and 4:3 |
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What is a native resolution and why is it important? |
The physical number of pixels a given monitor is designed to support. Signals sent by the video adapter to a monitor off this design value can result in distorted images. |
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What do additional rails on a power supply do? |
These options allow the computer to provide dedicated power for one single or set of components. |
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What is wattage? |
A measurement of the quantity of electrical power used. Calculated by volts times amps. This rating on a power supply, for example, describes how much power the power supply can provide to the computer (minus losses for efficiency) |
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What is a dual-voltage option on a power supply? |
This option allows the user to select the AC power input they are providing to the power supply. Such as 110V at 60Hz in the United States, and 220V at 50Hz in Europe. |
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What do anti-glare/privacy filters do and how would you install one? |
These filters are frequently clipped onto or lightly adhered to a user's screen to change their ability to reflect light or further narrow the angle the light from a monitor can be viewed. |
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Which three output only devices are most commonly used? |
Display devices, speakers, printers |
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What would a biometric device be used for and what would it most frequently read? |
This device would typically be used for authentication, typically by fingerprint, although other forms of identification are possible, including iris patterns, ear prints, blood vessel patterns, and retinal patterns. |
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What are the two most common input devices used with most computers? |
Keyboard and mouse |
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Name 4 common pointing devices. |
Touch screen, mouse, touch pad, graphics tablet (also called a digitizer), trackball, pointing stick, joystick |
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Name 3 devices commonly used for graphical input. |
Scanner, camera, camcorder, webcam |
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What does "duplex" refer to in printing? |
The ability to print on both sides of a sheet |
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What does "collate" refer to in printing? |
Printing multiple prearranged sets for a given document, instead of multiple copies of each individual page. (1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4; instead of 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4) |
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What does "orientation" refer to in printing? |
Which dimension is assumed to be the "top" of each page. Portrait: shorter dimension considered "top" Landscape: longer dimension considered "top" |
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What connection options are available for printers? |
USB, Ethernet, Parallel (DB-25), 802.11, Bluetooth |
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What are the 7 steps of the laser printing process? |
1. Processing 2. Charging 3. Exposing 4. Developing 5. Transferring 6. Fusing 7. Cleaning |
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How does an inkjet printer produce an image on paper? |
A print head containing multiple rows of very small tubes "spit" tiny droplets of ink directly onto the paper. The print head moves back and forth across the page while the page is slowly fed past. |
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How is a dot-matrix printer classified and how does it produce images? |
Considered an "impact printer", works by reducing an image to a series of tiny dots. These dots are produced by a print head containing multiple small wires striking an inked ribbon, which collectively produces the image on the page. |
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How does a thermal printer produce an image? |
A heating element applies heat to specially treated paper as it passes by. The heat causes the local area to turn black, producing the desired image. |
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What is virtual printing? |
Producing a saved file instead of a physical document from a given print job. Common types include PDF, XPS, image (such as jpg, bmp, or png), and file (typically specific to each individual printer) |
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What are the most common forms of maintenance for printers? |
Replace ink or toner source Replace paper Debris removal |
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What does it mean when a printer is calibrated? |
The print head is realigned to produce consistent and predictable coverage across the page. Some modern, multi-function printers can do this automatically by printing the page then scanning the resulting image to select the appropriate adjustment. |
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What is the speed, transmission distance, and light source for single-mode fiber optic cable? |
Max. Speed: 10 Gbps Max. Distance: 40 km Light source: laser |
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What are the typical speeds and transmission distances for multi-mode fiber optic cable? |
Max. Speed: 1-10 Gbps Max. Distance: 300-550 m Max speeds and distances dependent on specific type used |
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What is the speed and transmission distance for CAT3 cabling? |
Speed: 10 Mbps Distance: 100 m |
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What is the speed and transmission distance for CAT5 cabling? |
Speed: 100 Mbps* Distance: 100 m *Speeds below this use only 2 pairs of wires |
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What is the speed and transmission distance for CAT5e cabling? |
Speed: 1 Gbps* Distance: 100 m *Speeds above this use 4 pairs of wires |
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What is the speed and transmission distance for CAT6 cabling? |
Speed: 10 Gbps Distance: 55 m* *Can support 1 Gbps up to 100 m |
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What is the speed and transmission distance for CAT6a cabling? |
Speed: 10 Gbps Distance: 100 m |
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What is the speed and transmission distance for CAT7 cabling? |
Speed: 10 Gbps Distance: 100 m *Each wire is individually shielded |
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What is UTP and where is it used? |
Un-shielded Twisted Pair Used in most ethernet networks |
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What is STP and where is it used? |
Shielded Twisted Pair Used for ethernet networks in areas with high levels of electrical interference |
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What are the two most common types of coaxial cabling used today and where are they used? |
RG-6: used for digital cable or satellite communications, frequently television RG-59: used for analog cable TV |
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How does a coaxial splitter affect signal quality? |
Producing copies of a signal can weaken it and lower the quality and maximum distance |
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How many bits are in an IPv4 address and how are they arranged? |
This address type is 32 bits long arranged in 4 groups of 8 bits each, each group representing a whole number. |
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How many bits are in an !Pv6 address and how are they arranged? |
This address type is 128 bits long arranged in 8 groups of 16 bits, each group representing 4 hexadecimal characters. |
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What does DHCP stand for and what does it do? |
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Provides hosts with configuration and IP settings to allow access to a network |
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What does DNS stand for and what does it do? |
Domain Name Service Correlates numerical IP addresses with human-friendly designations www.cram.com = 64.30.136.201 |
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What is the address range for a Class A IP address? |
The first octet should be between 0 and 127 (both 0 and 127 are reserved) |
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What is the address range for a Class B IP address? |
The first octet should be between 128 and 191 |
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What is the address range for a Class C IP address? |
The first octet should be between 192 and 223 |
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What are the private IP addresses in the Class A range? |
10.0.0.1 - 10.255.255.254 |
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What are the private IP addresses in the Class B range? |
172.16.0.1 - 172.31.255.254 |
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What are the private IP addresses in the Class C range? |
192.168.0.1 - 192.168.255.254 |
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What is a subnet mask? |
An indicator for the portion of the IP address which specifies the network address and which specifies the host. |
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What is CIDR and what does it do? |
Classless Inter-Domain Routing Allows subnet masks to refer to networks without using an entire octet for a network address (255.255.240.0 can be written as /20, referring to the first 20 bits as the network address and the last 12 as the host address) |
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What is APIPA? |
Automatic Private IP Addressing Provides the ability to automatically connect within a local network only Characterized by IPv4 addresses starting with 169.254 |
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What is a default gateway? |
The specific IP address used by the router on a local network for all communications outside that network |
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FTP is found on which port(s)? |
TCP Ports 20 and 21 |
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SSH is found on which port(s)? |
TCP Port 22 |
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Telnet is found on which port(s)? |
TCP Port 23 |
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SMTP is found on which port(s)? |
TCP Port 25 |
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DNS uses which port(s)? |
TCP/UDP Port 53 |
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HTTP is found on which port(s)? |
TCP Port 80 |
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DHCP uses which port(s)? |
UDP Ports 67 and 68 |
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POP3 is found on which port(s)? |
TCP Port 110 |
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SMB/CIFS are found on which port(s)? |
TCP Ports 137-139 and 445 |
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IMAP is found on which port(s)? |
TCP Port 143 |
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SNMP uses which port(s)? |
UDP Port 161 |
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LDAP uses which port(s)? |
TCP Port 389 |
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AFP is found on which port(s)? |
TCP Ports 427 and 548 |
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HTTPS is found on which port(s)? |
TCP Port 443 |
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RDP is found on which port(s)? |
TCP Port 3389 |
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What is WEP? |
Wired Equivalent Privacy One of the first wireless encryption standards found to be vulnerable and easily cracked |
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What is WPA? |
Wi-Fi Protected Access A temporary solution to provide improved wireless encryption and security over WEP by using TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) |
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What is WPA2? |
Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 Wireless encryption and security protocol which incorporated CCMP (Counter Mode CBC-MAC Protocol) which is based on AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) algorithms to provide more advanced security than WPA |
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What is port forwarding? |
A firewall setting causing information received on a given port to be sent to a specific IP address on the network |
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What is port triggering? |
A firewall setting causing information sent out on one port to open a different port for responses |
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What are wireless channels and why are they important? |
These are predefined frequencies within a given standard that can limit interference from nearby devices operating within the same standard. |
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When would someone want to turn DHCP off on their router? |
If the person wants to assign static IP addresses to every device on their network. |
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What is DMZ? |
De-Militarized Zone An IP address on the network which receives no protection from the firewall. All traffic is allowed in or out for that device. |
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What is NAT? |
Network Address Translation Allows for a single private IP address access outside the local network by translating that address into the public address. |
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What is DNAT? |
Dynamic Network Address Translation Allows a resource on a private network to be addressed by a public network |
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What is QoS and what is it used for? |
Quality of Service Used to prioritize access to a connection |
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What is UPnP? |
Universal Plug and Play |
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What is a LAN? |
Local Area Network A set of computers or devices connected through cabling, radio, or infrared to share data and resources such a printers. |
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What is a WAN? |
Wide Area Network Networks connecting to other networks using long distance cabling and connections. |
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What is a PAN? |
Personal Area Network A very small, short-range network designed for very specific tasks |
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What is a MAN? |
Metropolitan Area Network A network designed to cover a city-sized range |
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What are some of the characteristics of POTS internet service? |
Plain Old Telephone Service Dial-up services using regular telephone lines Tends to be very slow, but cheap and easy to set up |
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What are some of the characteristics of DSL? |
Digital Subscriber Line A broadband internet connection using existing phone lines to provide significantly faster speeds than dial-up without having to share bandwidth with other users. Speeds are largely dependent on availability and line quality (both inside and outside the facility) |
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What are some characteristics of cable internet? |
A broadband internet connection using cable television services to provide significantly faster speeds than dial-up and can be faster than DSL. However, these speeds are dependent on how much shared bandwidth is available and the services are not available in all areas. |
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What are some characteristics of ISDN? |
Integrated Services Digital Network High speed internet option delivering entirely digital signals through telephone lines BRI (basic rate interface) - 2 bearer (B) channels, 1 signal channel (D) |
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What are some characteristics of FTTN? |
Fiber to the Node - form of broadband internet service which provides fiber optic connected services to a local point, then coaxial cable to the individual home or business at speeds comparable to cable or faster (subject to availability) |
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What are some characteristics of FTTP or FTTH? |
Fiber to the Premises/Home - form of broadband internet service which provides fiber optic connected services direct to the individual home or business at very high speeds (subject to availability) |
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What are some characteristics of satellite internet? |
A broadband internet service which provides wireless data through a line-of-sight connection. This type of connection can suffer from high latency due to delays in the time it takes for the signal to pass from the individual to the satellite, across that network to the provider, and return. |
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What are some characteristics of cellular internet? |
A broadband internet service through the cellular telephone system. Offers high mobility connections but may be subject to restrictions on total data sent for pricing. |
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What is tethering, as it relates to internet services? |
The practice of sharing an internet connection received by one device on another device, such as the connection on a cell phone to access the internet on a nearby laptop. |
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What is a mobile hotspot? |
A form of tethering which specializes in providing internet service through a cellular network to a device designed to share that connection with a limited number of devices. Often referred to as MiFi. |
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What is a hub? |
A networking device which connects other devices on the network by repeating incoming signals to all other connected devices. |
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What is a switch? |
A networking device which connects other devices on the network by forwarding incoming signals to the specific device addressed, including broadcasts to all devices on the network |
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What is a router? |
A networking device designed to connect two or more networks together, but do not forward broadcasts. |
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What is a bridge? |
A networking device designed to break up a large network into smaller segments. This device allows data specified for a specific MAC address to be forwarded to that address, but will forward to all connected devices if a specific recipient cannot be identified. |
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What is an access point? |
Any point of contact with a given network |
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What is a modem? |
A device designed to modulate and demodulate a digital signal used by a computer into an analog signal which can pass over standard telephone lines |
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What is a firewall? |
A network resource which filters packets of information passing onto or through a network based on a set of predefined rules |
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What is a patch panel? |
A device on a wired network which allows multiple cables to connect to each other, such as long, permanent cables which run through walls and ceilings to shorter, temporary patch cables run to a specific device. |
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What is a repeater or extender? |
A powered device on a network which receives a signal, amplifies the signal, and continues to send it over a network, typically used to extend the functional distance of a specific connection. |
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What is a power over ethernet device? |
A device which sends electricity sufficient to provide power to other devices over ethernet cables |
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What is a PoE injector? |
An auxiliary device with the singular purpose of adding power along an ethernet connection |
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What is a crimper? |
A networking tool which aids in attaching a connector to the end of a given cable |
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What is a cable stripper? |
A networking tool which removes the non-conductive insulation from the exterior of a given cable or wire. |
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What is a multimeter used for? |
A device which can measure the difference in voltage across a circuit or wire, the current passing through a connection, or the resistance in a given segment of wire. |
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What is a tone generator and probe? |
Networking tools which aid in identifying cable by sending a specific electrical signal from one device which can then be identified by the other device from the other end of a cable |
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What is a cable tester? |
A networking tool which can verify wiring patterns, test a cable to ensure a proper signal can pass its length, and/or estimate a given cable length |
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What is a loopback plug? |
A networking tool which can be used with a network interface card's testing software to ensure that signals can be both sent and received by a given device. These tools are most often seen for ethernet connections, but can also be made for fiber optic NICs. |
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What is a punch-down tool? |
A networking tool designed to attach and trim ends of a cable to a wiring harness, such as a patch panel |
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What is a WiFi analyzer? |
A networking tool which can measure the relative signal strength and channel of wireless networks within range |
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What is this device? |
ExpressCard/34 34mm wide expansion card standard available for laptops (uses a 26 pin connector) |
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What is this device? |
ExpressCard/54 54mm wide expansion card standard available for laptops (uses a 26 pin connector) |
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What is this device? |
Adapter for converting between USB and RJ-45 |
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What is this device? |
Adapter for converting between USB and HDMI |
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What is this device? |
Adapter for converting between USB and Thunderbolt |
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What is this device? |
Adapter for converting between USB and DisplayPort |
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What is this device? |
Adapter for converting between USB and a card reader |
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Which devices can typically be replaced in a laptop? |
Keyboard, HDD/SSD, RAM, card reader, optical drive, wireless card, screen, DC power jack, battery, touchpad, speaker(s), CPU, motherboard, plastic frame. |
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Which backlight sources can be used for the LCD panel in a laptop? |
LED and CCFL (Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp) |
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Which two display technologies are used in laptop LCD monitors to produce an image? |
TN (Twisted Nematica) and IPS (In-Plane Switching) |
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Besides LCD, what type of display can be sometimes be seen in more modern laptops? |
OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) |
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Where are the antennae for WiFi and Bluetooth devices in a laptop commonly found? |
These wires are typically routed around the display screen in the upper half of the laptop. |
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Where would a webcam and microphone assembly typically be found on a laptop and what are their functions? |
These devices are typically found just above the laptop display and are used to record or transmit images and sound from the user. |
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What does an inverter do in a laptop and what is a possible danger to working with it? |
This device is used to convert the DC power typically used by a laptop to AC power which can be used by a CCFL backlight. The greatest danger to working with this device is an energy discharge which could injure the technician. |
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What does a digitizer do on a laptop? |
This device allows a user to provide the computer input by drawing on a surface with a stylus or finger, instead of using a mouse or other standard pointing device. Although commonly seen as an overlay for the display screen, this device can also provide input from another area. |
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What laptop features may commonly require a special key to enable or disable and which key is typically used? (May be in combination with another key) |
Function Key Commonly used to toggle display outputs, wireless options, volume, screen brightness, keyboard backlight, touchpad, screen orientation, GPS, or media options |
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What is a docking station and where could a user find one for their device? |
This device is used to provide for additional expansion for a specific model of laptop when used as a desktop replacement, offering options such as full-sized drives, expansion cards, and additional input/output connections. These devices are proprietary and are typically only available from the laptop's manufacturer. |
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What devices can be used to physically secure a laptop at a given location? |
A physical laptop lock or cable lock |
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What features seen on some modern laptops allow for more flexibility in the use and appearance of a laptop's display? |
Rotating or removable displays allow a laptop to be used in a variety of configurations, such as a stand-alone tablet, a video monitor, or a flat terminal on a desk or table. |
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What are characteristics of a tablet device? |
A portable computing device typically featuring a 7 to 12 inch screen characterized by a touchscreen input, although some such devices may be found with up to 24 inch screens. |
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What are characteristics of a smart phone? |
A portable computing device with the ability to make phone calls over a cellular network. These devices typically use a touchscreen input and range in size from 3 to 5.5 inch screens. |
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What is a phablet? |
A portable computing device which shares characteristics of a smart phone but approaches the size of a tablet, typically characterized by screen sizes between 5 and 7 inch displays. |
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What are some examples of wearable technology devices? |
Fitness monitors, smart watches, and glasses or headsets |
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What is an e-reader? |
A tablet-like device specifically designed for reading and viewing digital literature, such as books, magazines, and newspapers. |
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What is a smart camera? |
A high quality digital camera typically characterized by built-in wireless connectivity. |
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What is a GPS device? |
A mobile device which communicates with a specific satellite network to provide the current location of the device with a high degree of accuracy, often including predefined maps to assist in navigation |
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What types of wireless communication can frequently be found on or through mobile devices? |
Bluetooth, 802.11 wireless, NFC, infrared, cellular, and mobile hotspot/tethering |
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What types of wired communication can frequently be found on or through mobile devices? |
Micro- or mini-USB, Lightning, and other proprietary connectors |
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What types of accessories are commonly available for mobile devices? |
Headsets, speakers, game pads, docking stations, protective covers/cases, credit card readers, memory devices, spare batteries, and battery chargers |
