Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
In the ANS, preganglionic neurons reach from the __________ to postganglionic neurons & postganglionic neurons reach to _______ |
preganglionic from brainstem/spinal cord
postganglionic to effector organs |
|
|
T/F |
False! |
|
|
Preganglionic parasymp originate from ____________ & preganglionic symp from __________ |
parasympathetic- craniosacral spine
sympathetic- thoracolumbar spine |
|
|
Parasympathetic: Preganglionic neurons release ___ to _____ receptors Postganglionic neurons release ___ to _____ receptors |
Parasympathetics: pre- Ach to nicotinic receptors post- Ach to muscarinic receptors |
|
|
Sympathetic: Preganglionic neurons release _____ to ______ receptors
Postganglionic neurons release____ to ______receptors |
sympathetic: pre - Ach to nicotinic receptors post- NE to adrenergic receptors |
|
|
Preganglionic sympathetic neurons release Ach to nicotinic receptors at the adrenal medulla, then the medulla releases _____ into the blood to reach ____ receptors |
Epinephrine to reach adrenergic receptors |
|
|
What neurotransmitter is released by the sympathetic, post-ganglionic neurons innervating the sweat glands? |
Acetylcholine |
|
|
When do post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons innervate a muscarinic receptor INSTEAD of the usual adrenergic receptor? |
In sweat glands, where the postganglionic neuron releases Ach at a muscarinic receptor. |
|
|
Ach is synthesized from __________ & broken down into choline & acetate in the neuromuscular jxn by ____________ |
synth by choline + acetate broken down by cholinesterase |
|
|
NE is synthesized from _________ & broken down by ________ |
synth from tyrosine-->dopa-->DA-->NE broken down by MAO & COMT |
|
|
Odd-numbered muscarinic (Ach) receptors (M1, M3, M5) are (inhibitory/excitatory). |
Excitatory
|
|
|
Even-numbered muscarinic receptors (M2, M4) are (inhibitory/excitatory). |
Inhibitory |
EvIN
|
|
What are excitatory muscarinic receptors coupled to and what pathway do they activate? |
Coupled to Gq/11
Activation of PLC |
|
|
What are inhibitory muscarinic receptors coupled to and what pathway do they inhibit?
|
Coupled to Gi |
|
|
What type of Ach receptor is found in autonomic ganglia, the presynaptic nerve terminal, and CNS neurons?
|
M1 |
|
|
What type of Ach receptor is found in cardiac tissue (SA and AV nodes) and in presynaptic and postsynaptic nerve terminals?
|
M2 |
|
|
What type of Ach receptor is found in smooth muscles and glands, endothelium, and vascular smooth muscle?
|
M3 |
|
|
What is the mechanism of signal transduction for nicotinic receptors?
|
Increased Na+ influx
|
|
|
What are the primary tissue locations of alpha1-adrenergic receptors? |
Postjunctional smooth muscle (contraction) |
|
|
What are the primary tissue locations of alpha2-adrenergic receptors?
|
Presynaptic neurons, postsynaptic tissues (ocular, adipose, intestinal, hepatic, renal, endocrine) and blood platelets.
(mostly inhibitory) |
|
|
What are the primary tissue locations of beta1-adrenergic receptors?
|
Heart (stimulation)
(not vasculature) |
|
|
What are the primary tissue locations of beta2-adrenergic receptors?
|
Bronchial, uterine, and vascular smooth muscle (relaxation)
|
|
|
What are the primary tissue locations of beta3-adrenergic receptors?
|
Lipolysis in adipose tissue |
|
|
What are some possible signs of a cholinergic response?
|
sweat, vomit, diarrhea, arrhythmias, salivation, mental confusion |
|
|
Gq, which stimulates PLC, is associated with what adrenergic receptor?
|
Alpha 1
|
|
|
Gi, which inhibits Adenylcyclase (AC), is associated with what adrenergic receptor?
|
Alpha 2
|
|
|
Gs, which stimulates Adenylcyclase (AC), is associated with what adrenergic receptor?
|
Beta 1 AND Beta 2 |
|
|
Which receptor causes contraction of smooth muscles, vasoconstriction, and inhibits secretion of renin? |
alpha 1
|
|
|
Which receptor inhibits norepi release from presynaptic terminals and causes vasoconstriction (post-synaptic) and a decrease in insulin secretion? |
alpha 2
|
|
|
Which receptor causes an increase in heart rate, contractility, and conduction and increases secretion of renin? |
beta 1 |
|
|
Which receptor causes relaxation of smooth muscle r, uptake of potassium in smooth muscles, glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis, and an increase in insulin secretion? |
beta 2 |
|
|
What muscle changes the shape of the lens?
|
Ciliary muscle |
|
|
Miosis is mediated by what receptor? |
M3 (Para) |
|
|
Mydriasis is mediated by what receptor?
|
alpha1 (symp) |
|
|
Why is blurred vision a side effect of many muscarinic antagonists?
|
Accommodation is the mechanism whereby an image is focused upon retina by changing the shape of the lens.
Close object -> PANS activation at M3 receptors -> contract ciliary muscle -> slackens suspensory ligaments -> lens becomes rounded -> accomodation for near vision Inability to accommodate for the distance of the object leads to blurry vision. |
|
|
Aqueous humor secretion is predominantly under control of the (Para/Symp). |
symp |
|
|
What receptors are related to aqueous humor secretion?
|
alpha receptors -> constriction of vascular bed in ciliary epithelium -> reduces humor secretion |
|
|
T/F
In glaucoma, when going from light to dark, the iris can stick to the lens. |
True!
(glaucoma= high pressure from too much aq. humor) |
|
|
What types of drugs ENHANCE aqueous humor drainage?
|
Muscarinic agonists and Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors
|
b/c mydriasis causes angle block
|
|
What types of drugs REDUCE aqueous humor drainage?
|
Beta antagonists and Alpha agonists
|
|
|
Which receptor helps the ciliary muscle relax for far vision (symp)? |
Beta 2
(M3 is predominant ciliary m. receptor, contracts for near site, para) |
|
|
Lacrimal/tear glands are mediated by which receptor? |
M3 |
|
|
What types of drugs lead to dry mouth and eyes?
|
Anticholinergic/antimuscarinic drugs |
|
|
If bronchiolar smooth muscle only receives Para innervation, how does bronchodilation occur? |
The bronchiolar smooth muscle expresses beta2 receptors, a major site of action for circulating epinephrine (from adrenal medulla, Symp). |
|
|
Which (para) receptors in the bronchiolar smooth muscle are responsible for bronchoconstriction? |
M3
|
|
|
How are mucosal secretions in the bronchioles regulated? |
predominantly by M3 parasympathetic
some sympathetic modulation of the vascular bed: |
|
|
The right vagus (para) primarily innervates the ____ node, while the left vagus innervates the ____ node. |
SA
AV |
|
|
Which has more vagal innervation - atrial muscle or ventricular muscle? |
Atrial muscle
|
|
|
T/F
Sympathetic efferent nerves are present throughout the atria (except for the SA node) and ventricles, including the conduction system of the heart. |
FALSE! |
|
|
What 4 parameters determine the overall effects of autonomic drugs on the heart?
|
Direct effect on the heart
Vascular effects Redistribution of the blood Reflex phenomena |
|
|
Arterioles & veins are NOT innervated by (para/symp) nerves. However blood vessel dilation/constriction is mostly regulated by receptors & metabolism & NOT by innervation. |
not by parasympathetic |
|
|
The beta1 receptors (moreso than beta2 receptors) in the heart are associated with what effects? |
SA node - increase HR |
|
|
The M2 receptors in the heart are associated with what effects? |
SA node - Decrease HR |
|
|
What type of effects are associated with the M3 (para) receptors on the following arterioles/veins? |
Arterioles: |
|
|
What type of effects are associated with alpha1 (moreso than alpha2) (symp) receptors on the following arterioles/veins? |
Arterioles:
1. Coronary - Constriction 2. Skin & Mucosa - Constriction 3. Skeletal Muscle - Constriction 4. Splanchnic - Constriction 5. Renal & Mesenteric - Constriction Veins: 6. Systemic (all veins) - Constriction |
|
|
What type of effects are associated with the beta2 (symp) receptors on the following arterioles/veins? Also, when relevant, what other receptor(s) has the same affect at that tissue? |
Arterioles: |
|
|
In the baroreceptor reflex, a drop in MAP leads to a (increase/decrease) firing rate of baroreceptor, which in turn leads to an increase in MAP |
decrease in firing leads to increase in MAP |
|
|
What part of the baroreceptor response (sitting to standing) is affected by alpha1-antagonists? |
The increase in peripheral resistance is disrupted
(can cause orthostatic hypertension) |
|
|
In the baroreceptor response, what causes increased HR? |
Decreases Para to the SA node
(incr. HR --> incr. MAP) |
|
|
In the baroreceptor response, what causes increased stroke volume? |
Increased venous return from increased Symp output to the veins
(incr. SV--> incr. MAP) |
|
|
In the baroreceptor response, what causes increased peripheral resistance (leading to incr. MAP)? |
Increased sympathetic efferent output to the arterioles |
|
|
If you give someone w/ severe hypertension (high MAP) a vasodilator that does not act on the autonomics, what would the side effect be? |
tachycardia (inc. HR) & increased contractility
(also decreases MAP) |
|
|
Why do many drugs on the market lead to dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, and constipation? |
anticholinergic effects, especially on the GI tract and salivary glands |
|
|
What effect is associated with M3 (para) receptors in the following digestive tissues? |
GI Tract: |
|
|
How do the sympathetics affect the following digestive tissues? |
GI Tract: |
|
|
What receptors in the liver help maintain plasma glucose by stimulating gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis? |
alpha and beta2 receptors (symp) |
|
|
Describe the sympathetic response on insulin secretion in the pancreas.
|
Alpha2 inhibits insulin secretion |
|
|
What parasympathetic receptor increases insulin secretion from the pancreas?
|
M3
|
|
|
What are M3 antagonists used to treat in the bladder? |
Overactive bladder |
|
|
What are the sympathetic effects and receptors in the bladder? |
1. Detrusor - beta2 relaxes
=filling phase (hold bladder) |
|
|
What are the parasympathetic receptors and action on the bladder? |
1. Detrusor - M3 contracts
= micturition, empyting phase |
|
|
Q: What agent would you give a pt to treat bladder & GI atonia (no muscle tone)? |
muscarinic agent
(induce parasympathetic) |
|
|
Where is renin secreted from?
What stimulates renin secretion? |
JG cells in kidney
Increase in renal sympathetic outflow to beta1 adrenergic receptors |
|
|
What decreases renin secretion? |
Activation of alpha1 receptors |
|
|
EJaculation is mediated by _____ receptors
Erection is mediated by ______ receptors |
sympathetic alpha1 (ejac)
parasympathetic M3--> NO release (erec) |
|
|
In the uterus, non-pregnant relaxation is mediated by ____ receptors In pregnancy, contraction is mediated by ____ receptors & relaxation by ____ |
non-pregnant- beta2 adrenergic (symp) = relax
pregnant- beta 2 = relax, alpha1= contract
|
|
|
Unlike the ANS, the somatic system is a single neuron pathway, with Ach receptors on postsynaptic surface of effector muscles. Loss of Ach receptors in the NMJ occurs in what disease? |
Myasthenia Gravis |
|