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20th Century British History (Essay Specific)

20Th Century British History (Essay Specific)

by EvelynMartin, Dec. 2013

Subjects: HIST 368

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	Free Trade Economy	-no protective tariffs -britain relied on export goods -most of the food came from imports -international division of labor
	Boer War	-1899-1902 -britain went into the south african transvaal -discovery of gold -fear that south africa would break off as a colony, making the other british colonies and settlers vulnerable -savage british war (guerrilla war, concentration camps) -fears of national unfitness and decline
	Joseph Chamberlain	-radical liberal -introduced measures to improve the urban infrastructure in Birmingham -served as colonial secretary 1895-1903 -wanted to introduce tarrif reforms and end free trade -left the liberals to join the conservatives -lost the landslide election to the liberals, who were in favour free trade -thought that germany was a natural ally to britain (wanted to stop russian expansion)
	Tariff Reform	-preference to the colonies of the british empire -from free trade (no tariffs) to protective tariffs (taxation on incoming goods) -proposed by Joseph Chamberlain, publicly disliked -small loaf vs. big loaf
	National Efficiency	-take the money from tariff reforms and put it towards social policies in britain -highly protectionist -proposed by Joseph Chamberlain -was the main part of the conservative platform in the 1906 election, in which they lost in a landslide
	Liberal Landslide	-rallied around the idea of free trade to counteract the conservative policy of tariff reform (as headed by Joseph Chamberlain) in 1906 -big loaf vs. small loaf -won a "landslide" victory
	Classic Liberalism	-consists of free trade, liberal economics, limited electorates, secularism, non-interventionist economy and localized politics -won the 1906 election based on the principle of defending pre-trade -pre-labor party was the choice of the working class -home rule for Ireland
	Labourism	-dominance of the social class in the political, social and economic spheres -support for workers rights -led to the labor parties and unions -gradual change within the existing society rather than working for its dramatic overthrow (not a radical overthrow by the workers like in russia) -made possible my the relatively accommodating british government
	Liberal Manliness	-individual should be independent of all patronage and control. should be fully responsible for their actions
	New Liberalism	-concerns about poverty and overcrowding that had been highlighted since the 1880’s -despite improving standards for the majority, the minority have been left behind in chronic poverty -sapping the strength of the nation and national efficiency -seen as the alternative to socialism -government intervention in welfare was key -taxation and redistribution of wealth -pushed by David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill
	Winston Churchill	-originally liberal then became conservative -said new liberalism was an alternative to socialism -aristocratic prime minister 1940-1945 -came in after Chamberlain to finish WW2 -first lord of the admiralty in WW1
	David Lloyd George	-liberal prime minister 1900-1945 -wanted a modern welfare state, bringing up the standard of living -replaced Asquith
	Herbert Henry Asquith	-introduced old age pensions in 1908 and national insurance in 1911 -liberal prime minister 1908-1916 -reduction of the power of the house of lords -introduced the peoples budget to pay for the welfare programs and new battle ships
	National Insurance	-introduced in 1911 by Henry Asquith -compulsory insurance against sickness and unemployment -weekly contributions by the worker, gov and employer
	Dreadoughts	-british battle ships commissioned by Asquith -arms race against germany, britain wanted to remain the most powerful navy -1906 (pre WW1)
	Peoples Budget	-raise tax from the rich, redistribute to the poor -introduced by Asquith (liberal) 1909 -conservatives thought that tariffs on imports would be better -money went to naval ships and social reforms
	Parliament Act	-removal of absolute veto by parliament -1911 -house of lords (conservative) kept declining bills from the house of commons (liberal) -parliament bill stated that the all parliamentary bills needed only to be passed by the house of lords, or by the house of commons 3 years successively -allowed for the home rule act to be passed
	National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies	-more conservative -pre-WW1 (1897) -wanted to get the vote for women -Millicent Garrett Fawcett
	Women's Social and Political Union	-more radical -"suffragets" - pre-WW1 (1903) -wanted the vote -Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurt -window smashing, hunger strikes etc
	Andrew Bonar Law	-conservative prime minister 1923 (post WW1) -halted liberal attempts to pass the 3rd liberal home rule attempt -leader of the conservatives during the Ulster crisis of 1912-2914 -wanted to exclude all 9 countries of ulster from home rule, and they were st
	Ulster Crisis	-1912-1914 -ulster was protestant and wanted to stay united with britain (were against home rule) -feared persecution if irish catholics came into power -also were highly industrialized, so their interests were not that of the rest of the country
	Home Rule	-ireland wanted to have their own self government within -supported by the liberals, conservatives were against -the protestants of ulster were against -3rd home rule bill was passes in 1914 but never came into effect due to the outbreak of WW1
	Weltpolitik	-Kaiser Wilhelm -wanted to turn germany into a global power through aggressive diplomacy, large navy, and acquisition of overseas colonies -"place in the sun" -adopted in 1980 -threatening to british sea lanes -led to the Moroccan Crisis'
	Entente Cordiale	-agreement with britain and france -france accepted british control over egypt, and britain accepted french control in morocco -1904 -made them allies (sphere of influence) -strengthened by moroccan crisis'
	First Moroccan Crisis	-1905-1906 -germany landed in french controlled morocco (taking advantage of the fact that france's ally, russia, was busy) -britain came to france's aid (strength of the entente cordiale, and due to self interest of threatened shipping lanes) -can be seen as a reason for the anglo russian entente because both countries backed france -germany was isolated, so had to pull back
	Second Moroccan Crisis	-1911 -germany sent ship (Panther) to "protect the german residents" there, but actually it was to bully france out of control of morocco -angered the brits, who wanted protection of their shipping lanes and colonies in the area -germany backed down again -led to the arms race in germany and britain
	Total War	-80% of britain's spending was on the war -went from lending money to reliance on american funding -economy, organized labour, women, recruitment and moral -standards of living improved while national financial and economic standing plummeted
	Arthur Henderson	-first labour cabinet member -in the war council 1914 -labor party -aired the views of the workers, showed how important the labourers were in total war
	Marie Stopes	-wrote Married Love -pioneer in birth control -reflects the reduced rigidity of morals and restrictions on women after the wars
	Military Service Bill	-conscription introduced in 1916 after the lack of success of the derby scheme of 1915 -needed to make up for the huge casualties on the western front -exposed the poor health of the general public of britain -liberals were against it (against their ideas of limited government intervention)
	Conscientious Objectors	-conscription of 1916 turned pacifism into a political issue -in general, opposition to the war was on a small scale among radical liberals
	Bertrand Russel	-prominent anti-war activist -championed anti imperialism -went to prison for pacifism during WW1 -thought the war undermined the ideas of liberalism
	Defence of the Realm Act (DORA)	-1914-1918 (duration of WW1) -government took control of munitions and clothing industries, shipping, mines and food rationing -highly anti-liberal -caused the split of the liberal party between Lloyd Georges (defence minister) and Asquith (current PM) -Lloyd George took over and became PM
	Dardanelles Fiasco	-1915-1916 -britain and france tried to move up the channel in turkey to occupy constantinople -epic fail, no tactic or organization -churchill resigned as first lord of the admiralty
	Shell Scandal	-short of artillery shells in the front lines -showed british military incompetence in WW1 -significantly impacts the fall of the liberal government in favour of a coalition
	Coalition WW1	-december 1916 -Lloyd George became prime minister of the coalition -Liberals and Conservatives (they dominated) -liberals were still split between Asquith and Lloyd George -response to the dardanelles fiasco and shell scandal -led to conservatives being in control for all but 3 of the interwar years
	Maurice Debate	-in the house of commons in 1918 -Sir Fredrick Morris accused the war cabinet of having had deliberately held soldiers back from the western front and had lied to parliament it -resulted in a more visible and harder to fix liberal divide -Asquith attacked Lloyd George about it (so much for being on the same side)
	Act of Union	-1801 -abolished the irish parliament in Dublin and incorporated irish MP’s into the British parliament -led to the debate about home rule today
	Easter Rising	-uprising in dublin 1916 -after the home rule bill had passed in government, but the bill still hadnt been enacted due to WW1 -aided by the germans -not very popular with the irish
	Sinn Fein, 1918 election	-1918 election -irish political party that was for home rule -separated in 1958 to become the IRA -boycotted westminster and set up a parliament in Dublin called the Dail, proclaiming independence -Britain did not officially recognize this parliament
	Irish Free State	-were negotiating with Lloyd George but didn't accept any of his offers for home rule and partitioning (for Ulster) -got seriously mad when they didn't get what they were promised (home rule) immediately after WW1
	Boom of 1919	-caused by pent up consumer demands and spending on new plant and machinery -based on the assumption pre-war conditions and markets would return (which they wouldn't) -bubble burst in 1920, which led to high interest rates and reduced government spending -staple industries weakened exponentially in the war
	Staple Industries	-coal -ship building -cotton
	Jarrow Crusade	-1936 -protest of poverty -workers from the town of jarrow marched 300 miles to london -wanted jobs to be brought to their town -after a closure of a shipyard -reflects the economic bubble burst post WW1
	Import Duties Bill	-1932 -ended free trade -protectionist tariff of 10% -coalition was still in charge
	Gold Standard	-the value of a currency is related to a gold standard -taken off the gold standard in WW1, then when Churchill put them back on it, it was an economic failure
	Ottawa Conference	-british colonies met to discuss the effects of the great depression -1931 -accepted the failure of the gold standard, and agreed to get off it (which helped the british economy) -established limited tariffs for the british colonies and high tariffs for the rest of the world (protectionism)
	Coupon Election	-3x the amount of voters due to the representation of peoples act -Lloyd George and his coallition was popular -patriotic campaigning -promised a "land of heroes" -landslide victory -1918 (post war)
	Representation of Peoples Act	-introduced universal manhood suffrage – vote to all males over the age of 21 and to all who had served in the armed forces regardless of age (except conscientious objectors) after WW1 -had to appeal to the soldiers returning (not upper class usually) -women over the age of 30 got to vote -excluded those young single women who had played the role of the persuaders who got parliament to consider giving women the vote -3x the number of voters than the last election -led to the coupon election
	Triple Alliance	-miners -railway men -transport workers -failed, due to the lack of support for black friday -post WW1 labour unrest
	Stanley Baldwin	-conservative -replaced Bonar Law as Prime Minister 1924 after he had to step down due to cancer -beat out the aristocratic Lord Kersum for the position -signified a shift in british politics from aristocracy to the people -first prime minster who was heard on the radio -introduced social reforms like the widows and old age pension act -2nd time in power was best known for the general strike of 1926
	General Strike of 1926	-minors went on strike, then the next day the union brought out millions of workers in support of the minors -lasted only 9 days -clear victory for the government (they didn’t give in) -unions wanted to get change through parliament and government, not through militant striking
	Addison Act	-1919 -act passed to allow the building of new houses after WW1 -building of state owned housing (de-slum) -result of the Tudor Walters Report of 1918 -4 million hew houses built in the interwar period
	Treaty of Versailles	-1919 post WW1 -attempt to reduce German power -restricting the size of Germany’s armed forces -demanding considerable financial reparations -reduce the extent of German territory -incredibly harsh and led to the conditions of appeasement and german hostility
	Anglo-German Naval Agreement	-1935 -regulating the size of the german navy in relation to the british navy -still thought that germany was reasonable -Baldwin
	Ministries of WW2	-1940 in preparation for the possibility of war, the british government established ministries of food, economic warfare, shipping, home security and labour and nation and nation service -reflects the Defence of Realm Act installed in WW1 -Churchill was in power, conservative (still anti-traditional liberal values)
	Home Guard	-WW2 -defence force of people in their local communities to watch british coastlines etc -neighbourhood watch
	The Blitz	-september 7 1940 -57 consecutive nights in london -break the moral of the people -less casualties than the people of london had expected -brought the war home
	Battle of the Atlantic	-1939-1945 -naval blockade of germany against britain -u-boat domination(wolf pacs) of the atlantic -convoys of the merchant navy trying to supply the continent -won by the allies when the german enigma code was broken, and they could locate the german wolfpacs, steering their conveys away from them
	1945 Labor Landslide Election	-ended the wartime coalition -may 1945 -labor won 48% of the vote -took the conservatives out of their pre-war power -labor promised better commitment to reconstruction than the other parties -people liked churchill, just not his (conservative) party -conservatives couldn't claim labor didn't have the experience to rule, because they had been in the coalition government -during the war the conservatives had been in charge of the war front, and labor had been in charge of administration, so labor had been more publicly visible
	"Never Again" Mentality	-widespread appeal to national unity and solidarity -wanted no more wars
	Post-War Reconstruction	-conservatives seen as unconvincing deconstructionists (hadn't embraced the beverage report) -labor looked committed to social reform, while conservatives looked tentative -hadn't been much social reform in the years the conservatives had been in power
	"Peoples peace"	-labor party claim after the second world war -wanted a "peoples peace" after a "peoples war" -won the 1945 election on principles of full employment, housing reforms, and social insurance
	Clement Attlee	-Prime Minister 1945 -won in the 1945 labor landslide election -from a upper middle class background -nationalization occurred under him in large scale -followed the bevridge report and enacted the national insurance act, national assistance act and the national health service -didn't enact any radical social changes to the class structure (missed opportunity)
	Nationalization	-labour party policy in the post-war reformation -took 20% of the economy out of private hands -not a radical switch to nationalization, some had already been done under Baldwin -goal behind all the nationalization was efficient public management (centeralization, planning etc)
	National Insurance Act	-1946 -enacted by Attlee's labor government -compulsory insurance system for all adults -benefits for health, unemployment, widows pensions, disability insurance.. -was part of the Beveridge report
	National Assistance Act	-1946 -enacted by Attlee's labor government -helped families not adequately protected by national insurance (homeless, disabled, single mothers) -part of the Beveridge report
	National Health Service	-1948 -enacted by Attlee's labor government -brought together the former patchwork of hospitals in Britain under state control -provide free medical care for everyone -set up by Aneurin Bevan -part of the Bevridge report
	R.A. Butler's Education Act	-1944 -R.A. Butler was the conservative minister of education in the late coalition -extended secondary education to everyone up to the age of 14 -set up a 2 tiered education system: grammar schools (for the elite) and modern schools -re-enforced the class distinction by providing unfair advantages to the middle class
	Marshall Plan	-US cash injected into the european economy -attempt to stop the spread of communism -started in 1948 and went for 4 years -helped to the british economy but also devaluated the pound by 30%
	Post War Austerity	-policies to combat budget deficits -accepting the marshall dollars -rationing continued after the war
	"Quit India" Campaign	-labor wanted to remove the burdens of the empire -labor had a long standing commitment to getting self-government for india -competing ethnic claims for who would take over when britain pulled out (hindu party of the muslim league) -partitioning of India was the solution they came up with -India and Pakistan were created 1947 -massive violence ensued
	Admiral Lord Mountbatten	-last viceroy of india before it was given it's freedom from the british empire and became partioned into India and Pakistan in 1947 -pushed for a speedy removal from india, rather than a slow and gradual one
	Jewish Issue of Palestine	-british foreign office was concerned with following a longstanding pro-arab system for maintenance of good economic relations (they need oil) -arabs and jews were at conflict over the new wave of jewish immigrants -the british pulled out and left the jews and arabs to fight it out themselves -jews won and created the state of is real -humiliating for british foreign policy
	State of the Military under the Attlee Government	-partial retreat from empire allowed some decrease in military spending -threat of russia meant that military was going to have to remain high -national service (2 years of service) for all men of 18 years of age -kept the armed forces at the required strength -government didn't want to give anyone the benefit of the doubt, or appease like the weak kneed men before them -Beven concluded that because of the soviet threat, the US must be pulled into a permenant commitment to the defence of western Europe, because britain couldn't do it alone.
	NATO	-1949 -north atlantic treaty organization -western european countries, US and Canada -integrated defence system against the soviet threat -enhanced the "special relationship" with the states
	Nuclear Bombs	-britain built its own atomic bomb to secure it's position as a superpower -the US got mad and said they wouldn't collaborate with Britain anymore on nuclear military -to protect their special relationship, britain got sneaky and had a small cabinet run their nuclear military system under the disguise of nuclear power reactors
	European Coal and Steel Community	-in 1950 britain refused to join -represents how britain continued to want to remain aloof from most relations with the european mainland -still reluctant to give up its superpower status of independence
	Key Points of the Attlee Government	-reduced but still widespread empire -defence of the us against the soviets which included the nuclear bomb -special relationship with the US -Britain wanted to defend its sense of superiority over the disoriented continentals, so it didn’t make moves to become integrated into the European union -labor was less committed to maintaining british world domination as it was to improving conditions for britain itself
	The Golden Age of Capitalism	-prolonged boom and unparallelled prosperity in the quarter century after 1950 -european average unemployment of 1/5% -expansion of the welfare states -people's incomes were raised year after year -all possible due to explosive and sustained growth in the world economy due to globalization and industrialization (more worldwide distribution of labor) -Eric Hopswan wrote "The Age of Extremes" about this time
	Reformed Capitalism	-led to the golden age of capitalism -hybrid between economic liberalism and social democracy -mixed economy: part public, part private -commitment to full employment and a welfare state -the more money people have the more money they have to spend on consumer goods, which led to the development of a greater mass consumer market -suited both the right and left political parties
	Corporatism	-everyone working together in their common interests -facilitated by the governments -making both the workers and the employers happy
	The Affluent Society	-higher wages meant people had more disposable income than ever before -could afford a higher standard of living -no great inflation due to rising wages -no great gap between the employed and consistently unemployed due to the welfare system -real social security came from letting people benefit from their own exertions (having jobs) not political provisions -consumer expenditure rose by almost 40% from 1950-1960
	Korean War and Labor	-labor from 1951 onwards was riddled with infighting, especially between Hugh Gaestle and Lloyd Bevel -when korea was divided on the 38th parallel, the communist north invaded the south -the united nations granted permission to go in and defend the south -the US and britain went in to the war our of anti-soviet mentality -involvement in a new war would mean increased taxes -Gatesgel wanted to go into the war (was upper midle class) -Bevel opposed the war and its taxes (was from the working class)
	Butscalism	-describing the continuity between labor and conservative rulers of parliment (Churchill and Attlee) -both committed to minor shifts in public spending, taxation, and interest rates to keep the economy growing as smoothly as possible -high voter turnouts and campaigning suggested that the voters thought there was a bigger difference between the two parties than their policies suggest -contentment about the state of the nation and its position in the world
	"New Elizabethan Age"	-britain still maintaining a glorious place in the world -massive degree of popular loyalty to the monarchy -despite the loss of the empire, britain was still great -the monarchy as a symbol of salience
	Anthony Eaton	-became Prime Minister in 1955 -conservative -his downfall was his disastrous handling of foreign affairs in 1956 (suez crisis)
	Suez Crisis	-british troops withdrew from egypt after 80 years of occupation -still planned on keeping egypt under the british sphere of influence -new leader, Nassa, wanted to get rid of all british influence, and started making deals with the czechoslovakians and the soviets (britain's enemies) -americans and the world bank cut funding to build a massive dam on the nile in egypt -nassau nationalized the suez canal to pay for the dam -britain and isreal secretly invaded suez with no US sanction (didn't want to appease another hitler) -US was furious about the british action without consultation -britain calls a seise fire after one day -most embarrassing event in britain in the 20th century
	Gamal Abdel Nasser	-egyptian leader during the suez crisis -seen as a new hitler back in britain -not sure whether his actions to nationalize the canal were actually a leader -becomes an icon of imperial resistance for beating the british invasion
	"Law not War"	-labor and liberals joined together in reaction to the british invasion of the suez canal -went on TV and told the PM to resign -anti-government campaign -outspoken public protest
	World reaction to Suez	-US president isenhower demanded british withdrawl -britain denounced as an aggressor by the UN -most of the commonwealth failed to stand behind britain -the US withdrew it's support from the pound -an immediate withdrawal was the only way to save the pound from collapse
	Why Suez was an epic fail	-joint action with the french, not the US -britain no longer to get away with the things it used to be able to as a great power -goes against the plan of maintaining neutrality with friendly arab powers -blow to british national pride and reputation -no more special relation with the US
	USSR invasion of Hungary	-took place at the same time as the Suez crisis -soviet union sent tanks into Hungary to crush an uprising there -the UN couldn't do anything except protest -they were the new world power, not britain
	Harold MacMillan	-took over from Sir Anthony Eaton after the suez crisis -conservative prime minister -expanded the welfare state -edwardian aristocratic nonchalance "unflappability" -general mood of complacency about Britain and its place in the world -old and stuffy contrasted to JFK
	The Profumo Affair	-summer 1963 -scandal about Profumo having an affair with a call girl, which was made worse by the fact that he denied it in parliament -labor party was concentrating on the security issue -press was concentrating on the moral issue -damaged the image of "the establishment" -PM Charles MacMillan didn't handle the scandal well and was damaged -indication of the end of conservative rule
	"One Nation Toryism"	-moderate form of conservatism -concerned with social welfare -trying to make everyone have it good -idea under the rule of MacMillan
	"What's Wrong with Britain?"	-Britain's growth rate lagged behind that of other industrial countries -balance of payment was unstable (imports more than it exports) -unsure whether they can maintain this level of public spending -from 1960's onwards, a shift in the general mood to a perception of britains greater weakness and internal decay
	The Stagnant Society	-book in 1963 -adressed the mood of disheartens in britain -britains economic performance, blaming ignorant industrial management (selecting from the old boys club) and backwards looking employer/worker relations
	Defence White Paper	-conservative government wanted to shift defence from manpower to firepower (nuclear) -phase out the national service (2 years draft) and rely on nuclear weapons
	Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament	-middle class radical pacifists -heavily supported by well educated, religious, scholastic and influential individuals (regardless of political standing) -first march took place to the aldermaston military research center -committed to the idea that britain should renounce the use of nuclear weapons as an example for other countries to follow
	Decolonization	-much of it while MacMillan was PM -rapid decolonization between 1960-1965 -by 1970, the only colonies britain had left were ones where they wanted to remain with britain -relinquished their colonies with less bitterness than other countries -complicated in areas of heavy white settlements
	3 Key Factors in Decolonization	-British domestic situation (financial weakness, spending priorities, declining will to run an empire) -international rise of 2 superpowers (US and Soviets) -situations in each colony (nationalist independence movements)
	"Winds of Change" Speech	-given by MacMillan to a hostile african crowd -taked about the rise of nationalism in the colonies and about how its time for change -got a lot of traction back in britain
	European Economic Comity	-formed by the treaty of rome and britain wasn't included -Charles DuGaul (french PM) stopped britain from joining -though their priority was the US, not europe -only allowed in when DuGaul resigned from power
	The Brits as Romans	-great power that was no longer in its glory phase -disguised the fact that britain was just a client state of the US -even britains independent nuclear deterrent wasnt really independent (british bombs attached to US missiles)
	US Thor and Polaris Missiles	-britains bombs were dependant on US missiles to carry them -demonstrates the faux independence as a disguise for reliance on the US
	"Swamping"	-opposition to immigrantas a overcrowding Britain -focus on those with black and brown skins -wrong, because every year since 1870 more people have emigrated than immigrated to Britain
	British Nationality Act	-1948 -open door immigration policy to members of the commonwealth (during decolonization) -gave meaning to the commonwealth -need for immigrant labor
	Sir Oswald Mosely	-stood for parliment in the 1959 general election -thought blacks were threatening the arian master race -came last in the election poll
	Commonwealth Immigrants Act	-voucher scheme to restrict the number of unskilled workers (targeting blacks and asians) into britain -1962 -gave public notice that black and asian immigration was a racial problem -voucher scheme was tightened twice in 1965 and 1968 due to the high levels of immigration coming from women and children -british passport holders couldn't come into britain unless they could prove british ancestral connection
	Peter Griffith	-elected in 1964 -conservative MP -campaigned on the slogan "if you want a n**** for a neighbour, vote labor" -was elected as a member of parliament, but was generally hated by all other MP's and had no teeth
	J. Ench Powell	-"rivers of blood" speech -speech in birmingham 1968 -talks about the evils of immigration and the need for repatriation -74% of the population supported what he said -gave a respectable face to racism and made it mainstream
	Scarmon Report	-blamed neglect of the inner cities and breakdown of trust between the people and the authorities for the urban riots of the 20th century -the police were racist
	Bombings of London	-july 7 2005 -4 bombs planted by british born, alienated muslims -killed 57 bombs -suggested that multiculturalism isnt working
	Diedry Detofsky	-wrote journals in the 1980-1990's -uses the Dutch republic as an example of a small but mighty superpower -the fact that a number of countries have surpasses us in unimportant -complaining about non-issues in a world of real issues
	British Decline in the Late 20th Century	-slowing down of growth rates -decline in relative terms to other countries -decline relative to what the economy should have been capable of -decline relative to aspirations -decline of certain industries or sectors of the economy
	Argument Against British Decline	-industrialized countries get their boom after the war -more mature (less disrupted economies) tend towards a steadier, less dramatic growth rate -long term trend will be towards a convergence of leading economies
	Barry Suppel	-communication, technology and internationalization of knowledge should lead to less dramatic differences between advanced economies -even playing field -argument against the idea of certain superpowers shooting ahead
	Rediscovery of Poverty	-1960 -poverty not calculated in relative, not absolute terms -previously just food, shelter and clothing (1930) -if people couldn't afford access to TV they were marginalized through their poverty (1960) -higher standards of living than ever before -because of the (socially determined) rising aspirations at home and abroad, increased spending failed to satisfy the heightened demand (leading to a feeling of dissatisfaction)
	The Golden Age of Modern Planning	-product of the 2nd world war -convinced people of a need for planning of all types (military, social, economic, cities..) -urban planning was part of the welfare state -new towns, rebuilding and housing
	New Towns Act	-1946 -funded by the federal government -14 new towns started in the 1950's -replace the slums torn down
	Garden City Movement	-belief in the superiority of the countryside as a reaction to the horrors of industrialization
	Rebuilding After the War	-rebuild the areas that had been bombed out during the blitz -opportunity to look forward and build modern cities -no sense of heritage or preservation -new roads and existing ones widened -shopping malls -close down the railways
	Housing in the Post-War Period	-1956-1960 more than 4 million council houses were built -built, owned, and rented by local governments -most was in the cottage style, but some in low rise buildings and some in tower blocks -make up for the houses removed by slum clearance
	Modernist Movement in Housing	-1960's -lightness, air and space -beauty in simplicity and function -rejected small housing, preferred tower blocks -no national identity of any tower block -good in concept, but failed in execution -too concerned with low costs to care about standards of living
	BBC Radio after the War	-came out of the war with a great reputation for reliability and quality -was divided into 3 parts: light, home service, and serious -later in 1970 it was divided into radios 1, 2, 3, and 4
	Sport and Outdoor Activities	-gardening, DIY projects, walks in the countryside, visiting historic buildings etc -more money meant more free time to do activities besides scrape up money for a living -holidays abroad became a thing -the televising of sports made them also grow in popularity
	Youth Culture	-didnt exist pre 1950 -affluent society meant that children had disposable income and extra time that they didnt have before (since they had to work to make a living)
	1960's Youth Culture	-Rolling Stones and Beatles -anti-establishment images -youth culture embodied this rebellion through the use of drugs and alcohol -increased generation gap -police didnt know how to handle this new rebellious youth -no political repercussions (conformist)
	British "Bobby" Police	-popular in public opinion in the early to mid 20th century -represented an ideal moral behaviour -archetype of slow, clumsy, not especially bright, but also honest, fair, hardworking and reliable -after the war, people had internalized the idea of wanting peace and order, so the police didnt have to be the bad-cop (compared to elsewhere in britain where there was uprisings and militant police)
	Centralization of Police	-police constable was not a servant of the local government (controlled by higher gov.) -second world war increased the shift to higher forms of centralized control
	Emergency Powers Defence Act	-1942 -allowed the local secretary to take control of local powers and combine them -pre-war so it seemed natural to band the police forces together in the event of attack -26 local police forces were lumped into 6 for easier control over the war, but this continued after the war
	Police Act	-1964 -defined the authority of different positions relating to the police -tipped the scale in favour of high government control instead of local authority -police authorities (equip the police, appoint constables) -chief constable (given full control and direction of the forced including appointment, dismissal and promotion) -home secretary (controlled uniforms, power to amalgamate forces, approve the appointment of the constables)
	IRA Terror Bombing Campaign	-mid 1970's -irish wanted to end UK rule of northern ireland -bombings in parts of london and birmingham led to heavy casualties and public outcry -police arrested "Birmingham 6" and "Maguire 7" but they turned out to be scapegoats, and the police had extorted confessions and fabricated evidence -police were discredited when the story broke
	Inner City Riots of 1981 and 1985	-police were stopping and searching anyone they thought was suspicious -black communities didn't trust the police force because they thought they were racist and corrupt -the police responded heavy-handedly with tear gas and full riot gear -led to the scarmon report
	Scarmon Report	-came out after the inner city riots of 1981 and 1985 -exposed the metropolitan police as being racist and dishonest
	3 Reasons for Police Decline	-rise in crime statistics (police looked bad and people didn't feel as safe) -police being politicized (looked like they were serving the interests of the ruling party) -impression that the police avoided local authorities
	Acceleration in Crime Rate in the 1960's	-particularly among the young (rebellious, free time, spending money) -increased hostility towards the authority (rebellious movements, anti-etablishment) -increased temptation due to an affluent society -increase in crime led to an increase in prisoners
	Mrs. Mary Whitehouse	-devout christian who became a public figure for the preservation of traditional values -wanted to "clean up TV" and make it less explicit -felt the heterosexual family was under threat -led the debate against "permissiveness" (tolerant society)
	Sex in Marriage	-originally thought of as a duty rather than a pleasure in the working classes -middle classes and up looked on sex more fondly -introduction of birth control made sex more enjoyable and assessable
	"Married Love"	-written by Marie Stokes -best selling novel (speaks to the desire for an increased sexuality in britain) -sexual pleasure within marriage was not only legitimate, but essential -womens sexual pleasure was important as well
	Contraception	-decreased the size of the family -increased standard of living -condoms ("dreadnaughts") became more common during the war out of necessity due to STD's
	Family Planning	-became part of the national health service in 1959 -previously only a small number of local councils would even talk about birth control -no medical school taught about birth control before the second world war
	Matrimonial Clauses Act	-1937 -extended the grounds for divorce to include such things as desertion, insanity and cruelty
	Military and Divorces	-long periods overseas ended many marriages -rise in divorce rate 1946-1947 -armed forces recognized this, and provided financial support for those in their ranks seeking divorce
	End of the Golden Age of Capitalism	-1950-1973 was the golden age -began two decades of crisis and instability -slower growth rates made it difficult for governments to meet rising expectations of wages/services -as globalization proceeded, national governments seemed increasingly unable to control their economics
	Opek Oil Crisis	-1973 -organization of petroleum exporting countries (OPEK) -the arab countries staged an attack on Israel and the US supplied Isreal with weapons -the arab countries (OPEK) in retaliation started an oil embargo on the US -increased oil prices by 400% -huge inflation, balance of payment crisis and energy shortages -government policies at a national policy were no longer enough to ensure stability for a nation, they were now dependant on and subject to the world climate
	"Stagflation"	-combination of economic stagnation and rapid price increases at the same time -when the golden age of capitalism ended, the people still expected the same standards of living -showed that the kensian technique (maintaining high wages, high social expenditure and full employment) was not working
	Neo-Liberal Economics	-wanted a free market -free trade, open markets, privatization -gained ground after the end of the golden age and the apparent failure of kensian economics
	Economic Problems 1960-1979	-unemployment highest its been since 1930's -9% inflation rise between 1971-1973 -a billion pounds of payment defecit -fluxuations in the world currency markets (not a domestic problem, an international one)
	James Callaghan	-Prime Minister 1976-1979 -labor party -came into power at a time of huge economic problems: -inflation at 16% - unemployment up to 1.25 million -intrest rates up to 15% -record budget deficit due to tax cuts from the conservatives and increased government spending by both conservatives and labor (kensian) -called in the INF for a loan
	INF Loan	-international notary fund -1976 -asked for by Dennis Healy (chancellor of the exchequer) -meant substantial cuts on government expenditure -humiliating to ask for a loan from the same place as 3rd world countries -turn away from kensianism
	North Sea Oil	-appeared in 1975 -made britain self-sustainable in oil -not as vulnerable to international fluctuations -economic conditions picked up in every area except unemployment
	"Who Governs Britain?" Election	-called by conservative PM Ted Heath -1974 -coal miners went on strike again in 1974 calling for another pay raise and less hours -question of who governs britain, the coal miners of the electorate -the coal miners won (labor into power)
	Winter of Discontent	-1978-1979 -strikes started in the automobile industry then spread -high profile strikes from the national health service, truck drivers, janitors, grave diggers and garbage men -most disputes were settled by 1979 -government didn't recover from that sense of chaos
	British Military Policy 1960 Onward	-decolonization almost complete by 1960 -didn't send troops to vietnam (didn't want to play a role in other people's backyards anymore)
	European Economic Community (EEC)	-tried twice in 1960 to join the EEC -was blocked by french PM Charles DuGaul because he thought britains interests were with the US not europe -finally accepted in 1973 -english nationalists, and the hard right (powell) were against joining the EEC -referendum on whether or not they should stay apart of the EEC with all this negative opinion passed and they stayed in the EEC
	Northern Ireland Conflict	-post war economic expansion and universities meant there was a bigger catholic middle class and university educated students really to challenge the protestant persecution against them -spiraled into violence between the protestant extremists and the police against the civil rights workers -due to pressure from britain, the southern irish government had to make lots of concessions to the northern catholic irish (which ****** them off)
	Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA)	-protested for civil rights -non-violent but confrontational -newly educated and empowered by the post war boom -northern ireland government, prompted by wilson's government (permissive) had been moving in a reformist direction -met with stark opposition by the Protestants so it spiralled into violence
	Reverend Ian Paisely	-Irish Protestant Evangelist -determined to fight any concessions to the catholics -led the resistance to the NICRA
	Irish Republican Army (IRA)	-revived when the british army came into to break up the fighting between the protestants and catholics in ireland 1969 -IRA was angry at britain for trying to force the protestants to make concessions to the catholics -targeted british troops -killings and bombings (irish car bomb) created a state of panic
	Unionist Government Response to IRA	-internment of those suspected of IRA involvement -holding without trial -treated awfully in prison -only held IRA members, not protestant para-military members which bred tremendous anger on behalf of the protestants towards the britis
	Devolution	-loss of an identity of britishness within Britain itself -why claim to those idea in the colonies? -scotland and wales moved for home rule (rise of their nationalist parties) -Wilson government proposed devaluation (regional elected assemblies were given much of the control that had previously been held by Britain) -but in a referendum, the act was not popular and therefore was not accepted
	3 Big Political Changes of the 20th Century	-liberal landslide -labor landslide -thatcherism -in all 2 occasions the incoming governments took advantage of a motivation for change and made the following governments follow in their footsteps
	3 Main Objectives of the Thatcher Government	-reverse britains relative decline -overturn the failure of social democracy by promoting the free market, controlling public expenditure and taxation and encouraging self reliance -restore the authority of the state by showing strong leadership but giving up on "inappropriate" government involvement like trying to get full employment and controlling prices
	Thatcher and the Minors Strike	-1984-1985 -government closed down un-economic coal pits -coal minors went on strike in protest of their livelihoods being taken away with the closing of coal plants -coal reserves were high, so the Thatcher government could just wait the protestors out -violence between picketers and police (Thatcher won) -thatcher never spoke a word to the miners or acknowledged their contribution to britain (miners as the enemy)
	Thatcher's Foreign Policy	-practical in spite of all her big talk about nationalism -negotiated international problems without taking any hard stances -was willing to do business with the soviets (especially gorbachev) -signed the single Europe Act which was a major step towards a unified Europe
	Falklands War	-britain went to war to get back its civilians when they were invaded by the argentinians -no messing with britain -psychological effect of boosting morale for their victory -made Thatcher into a "warrior queen"

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