20Th Century

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Changes in composition

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Turn of the 1900's, Romantic styles had reached highest point of their development, many composers reacted against subjectivity and sentimental expressiveness and sought new means of expression

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Motu proprio

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Pope Pius X issued a document in 1903 that sought to establish principles governing music composition suitable for Roman Catholic church: Latin, classic polyphony, no instruments, short masses

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Ralph Vaughan Williams

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(1872-1958) English composer, Mass in G minor following Motu proprio, Festival Te Deum for Archbishop of Canterbury - Anglican version of text

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Francis Poulenc

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(1899-1963) French composer, melody important, diatonic motion with passing chromaticism, Mass in G (influenced by Stravinsky, far reaching modulations), Gloria, 4 motets

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Zoltán Kodály

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(1882-1967) Hungarian composer, nationalistic, embodies folk idioms, Missa Brevis, richly harmonic diatonic style, Te Deum strong sensitivity to textual meaning

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Igor Stravinsky

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(1882-1971) Mass with strange voicing children and women, 5 woodwind, 5 brass, unmetrical rhythms, objectify musical expression and remove all traces of sentimentality and Romantic notions, Symphony of Psalms

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Randall Thompson

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(1899-1984) English composer, St Luke Passion, Frostiana, Americana

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Benjamin Britten

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(1913-1976) English composer, Neo-Classical, did not adopt serialism,

St. Nicholas (cantata)

Ceremony of Carols

War Requiem anti war poems by Wildred Owen, F, C#

Rejoice in the Lamb

Hymn to the Virgin

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Vincent Perischetti

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(1915-1987) American composer, Head of Composition at Juliard, Te Deum in English

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Gustav Holst

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(1874-1934) English composer, mysticism and Eastern philosophies, Hymns from the Rig Veda

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Daniel Pinkham

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(1923-2006) American composer, neo Classical, expressive dissonance, Lamentions of Job, frequent meter changes

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Arnold Schoenberg

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(1874-1951) Austrian composer, Gurrelieder, rivals huge orchestra of Mahler, 12-tone inventor (serialism), Pierrot Lunaire (sprechtimme)

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Arthur Honneggar

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(1892-1955) French by birth, Swiss by background, Le Roi David (stage oratorio), King David, dramatic story unfolds in a series of orchestral, vocal, choral numbers of great pictorial effectiveness, dissonant, sometimes polytonal expressiveness, and lyric beauty

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William Walton

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(1902-1983) English composer, Belshazzar's Feast, oratorio, dramatic force and excitement, expanded percussion section, 35 mins

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Krzysztof Penderecki

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(b.1933) Polish composer, highly original, St. Luke Passion, exotic percussion, huge orchestra, extra notation symbols, quarter tones, special effects, glissandi, lowest/highest note on instrument

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Carl Orff

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(1895-1982) German composer and educator, Carmina Burana (scenic cantata), 25 poems, Medieval German dialect, emphasis on rhythm, harmonic simplicity, no counterpoint, no thematic development, choral writing is chordal, meter changes, vitality

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Serge Prokofiev

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(1891-1953) Russian composer, Alexander Nevsky (musical score for this motion picture, later choral work)

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Leonard Bernstein

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(1918-1990) American composer, Mass in English, soloists, choir, orch, rock bands, dancers, and audience

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Samuel Barber

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(1910-1981) American Neo-Rom composer, Sure on this Shining Night

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Ernest Bloch

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(1886-1956) Swiss American composer, Sacred Service

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Aaron Copeland

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(1900-1990) American Neo-Rom composer, later serial, early American songs, 4 motets

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John Corigliano

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(b.1938) American composer, Fern Hill

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Hugo Distler

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(1908-1942) German neo-baroque composer, most important secular acappella collection of 20th Century, 52 motets, Sing dem herrn

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Maurice Durufle

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(1902-1986) French Neo-Romantic composer, chant based, Requiem, Ubi Caritas

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Gerald Finzi

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(1902-1956) English Neo-Romantic composer, In Terra Pax

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Paul Hindemith

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(1895-1963) German/American Neo-Classical composer, 6 chanson

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Herbert Howells

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(1892-1982) English composer, 15 anthems and motets, magnificats and nuncs

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Charles Ives

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(1874-1954) American composer, Psalm 90, Circus Band, polytonal

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Gian Carlo Menotti

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(1911-2007) Italian/American composer, The Unicorn, the Gordon, and the Manicore

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Oliver Messiaen

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(1908-1992) French composer, modes of limited transposition, relationship of time and music, birdsong, O Sacrum Convivium

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Avro Pärt

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(b.1935) Estonian composer, minimalist, St. John passion

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Daniel Pinkham

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(1923-2006) American composer, electronic and chorus, much of his choral music is attractive and accessible, Wedding Cantata, many Psalms, motets

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Sergei Rachmaninoff

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(1873-1943) Russian, Neo-Romantic, All Night Vigil 1915

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Maurice Ravel

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(1875-1937) French Impressionist, Trois Chansons

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Examples

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Large form: Orff Carmina Burana, Tippett A Child of Our Time, Britten War Requiem, Menotti The Unicorn, the Gorgon, and the Manticore

Mid-major: Poulenc Gloria, Durufle Requiem, Bernstein Chichester Psalms, Rutter Gloria

Small form: Hindemith Six Chanson, Beibl Ave Maria, Howells A Spotless Rose, Britten A Hymn to the Virgin