2012 Milady Cosmetology Chapter Glossary Term Definitions & More (Study Guide)

Front 1

cosmetology

Back 1

the art and science of beautifying and improving the skin, nails, and hair and includes the study of cosmetics and their application

Front 2

first to cultivate beauty in an extravagant fashion

Back 2

egyptians

Front 3

first two cultures to do things to the nails

Back 3

egyptians and ehinese

Front 4

culture that used chalk and white lead for a facial cosmetic, as well as, using hair color to distinguish between social class

Back 4

romans

Front 5

culture that shaved eyebrows and hairline as a sign of greater intelligence

Back 5

renaissance

Front 6

in 1905, the first heavily wired machine that supplied electrical current to metal rods to hair strands which is referred to as a perm, was invented by who

Back 6

charles nessler

Front 7

in 1906, madame cj walker started selling what

Back 7

madame cj walker's wonderful hair grower

Front 8

in 1872, who was the frenchman to invent the first curling iron

Back 8

marcel grateau

Front 9

in 1932, who invented the first perm method that no longer required a machine

Back 9

evans and mcdonough

Front 10

in 1932, revlon nail polish was invented by who

Back 10

charles revlon

Front 11

in 1932, lawrence gleb invented what

Back 11

the first clairol hair color line

Front 12

vidal sassoon did what in the 1960's

Back 12

showed the world his revolutionary geometric cuts

Front 13

noel decaprio coined the term "day spa" in what decade

Back 13

1980's

Front 14

haircolor specialist

Back 14

expert in haircolor

Front 15

texture specialist

Back 15

expert in perms and relaxers

Front 16

cutting specialist

Back 16

expert in haircuts

Front 17

salon trainer

Back 17

trains salon professionals

Front 18

distributor sales consultant

Back 18

distributes salon products

Front 19

manufacturer educator

Back 19

educates salon professionals on salon products

Front 20

cosmetology instructor

Back 20

educates aspiring stylists

Front 21

film/theater/editorial stylist

Back 21

stylist who works in the entertainment industry

Front 22

salon manager

Back 22

manager of a functioning salon

Front 23

ethics

Back 23

the moral principles by which we live and work

Front 24

game plan

Back 24

the conscious act of planning your life, instead of just letting things happen

Front 25

goal setting

Back 25

the identification of long-term and short-term goals that helps you decide what you want out of life

Front 26

mission statement

Back 26

a statement that establishes the values that an individual or institution lives by, as well as future goals

Front 27

perfectionism

Back 27

an unhealthy compulsion to do things perfectly

Front 28

prioritize

Back 28

to make a list of tasks that needs to be done in order of most-to-least importance

Front 29

procrastination

Back 29

putting off until tomorrow what you can do today

Front 30

ergonomics

Back 30

the science of designing the workplace as well as its equipment and tools to make specific body movements more comfortable, efficient, and safe

Front 31

personal hygiene

Back 31

daily maintenance of cleanliness by practicing good healthful habits

Front 32

physical presentation

Back 32

your posture, as well as the way you walk and move

Front 33

professional image

Back 33

the impression you project through both your outward appearance and your conduct in the workplace

Front 34

client consultation

Back 34

aka needs assessment, the verbal communication with a client that determines what the client's needs are and how to achieve the desired results

Front 35

effective communication

Back 35

the act of sharing information between two or more people so that the information is successfully understood

Front 36

reflective listening

Back 36

listening to the client and then repeating, in your own words, what you think the client is telling you

Front 37

acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Back 37

aka AIDS, a disease that breaks down the body's immune system. AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Front 38

acquired immunity

Back 38

immunity that the body develops after overcoming a disease, through inoculation, or through exposure to natural allergens

Front 39

allergy

Back 39

reaction due to extreme sensitivity to certain foods, chemicals, or other normally harmless substances

Front 40

antiseptics

Back 40

chemical germicides formulated for use on skin, registered and regulated by the food and drug administration (FDA)

Front 41

asymptomatic

Back 41

showing no symptoms or signs of infection

Front 42

bacilli

Back 42

short rod-shaped bacteria. they are most common bacteria and produce diseases such as tetanus (lockjaw), typhoid fever, tuberculosis, and diphtheria

Front 43

bacteria

Back 43

one-celled microorganisms that have both plant and animal characteristics. some are harmful and some are harmless

Front 44

bactericidal

Back 44

capable of destroying bacteria

Front 45

binary fission

Back 45

the division of bacteria cells into two new cells called daughter cells

Front 46

bioburden

Back 46

the number of visible organisms in or on an object or surface or the organic material on a surface or object before decontamination or sterilization

Front 47

bloodborne pathogens

Back 47

disease-causing microorganisms carried in the body by blood or body fluids, such as hepititis and HIV

Front 48

chelating soaps

Back 48

aka chelating detergents, detergents that break down stubborn films and remove the residue of pedicure products

Front 49

clean/cleaning

Back 49

scrubbing using soap and water or detergent and water to remove all visible dirt, debris, and many disease-causing germs

Front 50

cocci

Back 50

round-shaped bacteria that appear singly or in groups

Front 51

contagious disease

Back 51

aka communicable disease, disease that is spread from one person to another person, like the common cold, ringworm, pinkeye, etc

Front 52

contamination

Back 52

the presence of blood or other potentially infectious materials on an item's surface or visible debris or residues such as dust

Front 53

decontamination

Back 53

the removal of blood or other potentially infectious materials on an item's surface and the removal of visible debris or residue such as dust

Front 54

diagnosis

Back 54

determination of the nature of a disease from its symptoms and/or diagnostic tests

Front 55

diplococci

Back 55

spherical bacteria that grow in pairs and cause diseases such as pneumonia

Front 56

direct transmission

Back 56

transmission of blood or body fluids through touching, kissing, coughing, sneezing, and talking

Front 57

disease

Back 57

an abnormal condition of all or part of the body or its systems or organs that makes the body incapable of carrying on normal function

Front 58

disinfectants

Back 58

chemical products that destroy all bacteria, fungi, and viruses (but not spores) on surfaces

Front 59

disinfection/disinfecting

Back 59

chemical process that uses specific products to destroy harmful organisms (except bacterial spores) on environmental surfaces

Front 60

efficacy

Back 60

the ability to produce an effect

Front 61

exposure incident

Back 61

contact with broken skin, blood, body fluids or other potentially infectious materials that is the results of the performance of an employee's duties

Front 62

flagella

Back 62

slender, hair-like extensions used by bacilli and spirilla for locomotion

Front 63

fungi/fungus

Back 63

microscopic plant parasites, which include molds, mildews, ad yeasts, can produce contagious diseases such as ringworm

Front 64

fungicidal

Back 64

capable of destroying fungi

Front 65

hepititis

Back 65

bloodborne virus that causes disease and can damage the liver

Front 66

hospital disinfectants

Back 66

disinfectants that are effective for cleaning blood and body fluids

Front 67

human immunodeficiency virus

Back 67

aka HIV, virus that causes AIDS

Front 68

human papiloma virus

Back 68

aka HPV, a virus that can infect the bottom of the foot and resembles small black dots, usually in clustered groups

Front 69

immunity

Back 69

the ability of the body to destroy and resist infection

Front 70

indirect transmission

Back 70

transmission of blood or body fluids through contact with an intermediate contaminated object such as a razor, extractor, nipper, or an environmental surface

Front 71

infection

Back 71

the invasion of body tissues by disease-causing pathogens

Front 72

infection control

Back 72

are the methods used to eliminate or reduce the transmission of infectious organisms

Front 73

infectious

Back 73

caused by or capable of being transmitted by infection

Front 74

infectious disease

Back 74

disease caused by pathogenic (harmful) microorganisms that enter the body

Front 75

infammation

Back 75

body's way of reacting to injury, irritation, or infection, characterized by redness, heat, pain, and swelling

Front 76

local infection

Back 76

infection, such as a pimple or abscess, that is confined to a particular part of the body and appears as a lesion containing pus

Front 77

material safety data sheet

Back 77

aka MSDS, information compiled by the manufacturer about product safety, including the names of hazardous ingredients, safe handling and use procedures, precautions to reduce the risk of accidental harm or overexposure, and flammability warnings

Front 78

methicillin-resistant staphyloccus aureus

Back 78

aka MRSA, type of infectious bacteria that is highly resistant to conventional treatments such as antibiotics

Front 79

microorganism

Back 79

any organism of microscopic or submicroscopic size

Front 80

mildew

Back 80

a type of fungus that affects plants or grows on inanimate objects, but does not cause human infections in the salon

Front 81

motility

Back 81

self-movement

Front 82

multiuse

Back 82

aka reusable, items that can be cleaned, disinfected, and used on more than one person, even if the item is accidentally exposed to blood or body fluid

Front 83

mycobacterium fortuitum

Back 83

a microscopic germ that normally exists in tap water in small numbers

Front 84

natural immunity

Back 84

immunity that is partly inherited and partly developed though healthy living

Front 85

nonpathogenic

Back 85

harmless microorganisms that may perform useful functions and are safe to come in contact with since they do not cause disease or harm

Front 86

nonporous

Back 86

an item that is made or constructed of a material that has no pores or openings and cannot absorb liquids

Front 87

occupational disease

Back 87

illness resulting form conditions associated with employment, such as prolonged and repeated overexposure to certain products or ingredients

Front 88

parasites

Back 88

organisms that grow, feed, and shelter on or in another organism (host), while contributing nothing to the survival of that organism

Front 89

parasitic disease

Back 89

disease caused by parasites, such as lice

Front 90

pathogenic

Back 90

harmful microorganisms that can cause disease or infection in humans when they invade the body

Front 91

pathogenic disease

Back 91

disease produced by organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites

Front 92

phenolic disinfectants

Back 92

powerful tuberculocidal disinfectants

Front 93

porous

Back 93

made or constructed of a material that has pores or openings

Front 94

pus

Back 94

a fluid created by infection

Front 95

quaternary ammonium compounds

Back 95

aka quats, disinfectants that are very effective when used properly in the salon

Front 96

sanitation/sanitizing

Back 96

chemical process for reducing the number of disease-causing germs on cleaned surfaces to safe level

Front 97

scabies

Back 97

a contagious skin disease that is caused by the itch mite, which burrows under the skin

Front 98

single-use

Back 98

aka disposable, items that cannot be used more than once

Front 99

sodium hypochlorite

Back 99

common household bleach

Front 100

spirilla

Back 100

spiral or corkscrew-shaped bacteria that cause diseases such as syphilis and lyme disease

Front 101

staphylococci

Back 101

pus-forming bacteria that grow in clusters like a bunch of grapes

Front 102

sterilization

Back 102

the process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores

Front 103

streptococci

Back 103

pus-forming bacteria arranged in curved lines like a string of beads, can cause strep throat and blood poisoning

Front 104

systemic disease

Back 104

disease that affects the body as a whole, often due to under functioning or over functioning of internal glands or organs

Front 105

tinea barbae

Back 105

aka barber's itch, superficial fungal infection that commonly affects the skin

Front 106

tinea capitis

Back 106

fungal infection of the scalp characterized by red papules (spots) at the opening of the hair follice

Front 107

tinea pedis

Back 107

ringworm of the foot

Front 108

toxins

Back 108

various poisonous substances produced by some microorganisms

Front 109

tuberculocidal disinfectants

Back 109

disinfectants that kill the bacteria causing tuberculosis

Front 110

tuberculosis

Back 110

disease caused by bacteria that are transmitted through coughing and sneezing

Front 111

universal precautions

Back 111

a set of guidelines published by OSHA that require the employer and the employee to assume that all human blood and body fluids are infectious for bloodborne pathogens

Front 112

virucidal

Back 112

capable of destroying viruses

Front 113

virus/viruses

Back 113

parasitic submicroscopic particle the infects and resides in cells of biological organisms

Front 114

active stage

Back 114

bacteria grow and reproduce

Front 115

inactive stage

Back 115

aka spore-forming stage, coat themselves in wax-like shell

Front 116

hep a

Back 116

flu-like symptoms - vaccine available

Front 117

hep b

Back 117

can be cancerous - vaccine available

Front 118

hep c

Back 118

fatigue causing - no vaccines

Front 119

acne

Back 119

skin disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands from retained secretions and propionbacterium acnes (p. acnes) bacteria

Front 120

arrector pili muscles

Back 120

small, involuntary muscles in the base of the hair follicle that cause goose bumps

Front 121

callus

Back 121

thickening of the skin caused by continues repeated pressure on any part of the skin, especially hands and feet

Front 122

collagen

Back 122

fibrous protein that gives the skin form and strength

Front 123

comedo/comedones

Back 123

aka blackhead, hair follicle filled with keratin and sebum

Front 124

dermal papillae/papilla

Back 124

small cone-shaped elevations at the base of the hair follicles that fit into the hair bulb

Front 125

dermatologist

Back 125

physician who specializes in diseases and disorders of the skin, hair, and nails

Front 126

dermatology

Back 126

medical branch of science that deals with the study of skin and its nature, structure, functions, diseases, and treatment

Front 127

dermis

Back 127

aka derma/corium/cutis/true skin, inner layer of the skin

Front 128

elastin

Back 128

protein base similar to collagen that forms elastic tissue

Front 129

epidermal-dermal junction

Back 129

top of the papillary layer where it joins the epidermis

Front 130

epidermis

Back 130

outermost layer of the skin, it is made up of five layers

Front 131

esthetician

Back 131

specialist in the cleansing, beautification, and preservation of the health of the skin on the entire body, including the face and neck

Front 132

eumelanin

Back 132

type of melanin that is dark brown to black in color

Front 133

keratin

Back 133

fibrous protein of cells that is also principal component of hair and nails

Front 134

melanin

Back 134

tiny grains of pigment that are produced by melanocytes and deposited into cells in the stratum germinativum layer of the epidermis and in the papillary layers of the dermis

Front 135

melanocytes

Back 135

cells that produce the dark skin pigment called melanin

Front 136

motor nerve fibers

Back 136

fibers of the motor nerves that are distributed to the arrector pili muscles attached to hair follicles

Front 137

papillary layer

Back 137

outer layer of the dermis, directly beneath the epidermis

Front 138

papule

Back 138

aka pimple, small elevation on the skin that contains no fluid but may develop

Front 139

pheomelanin

Back 139

type of melanin that is red to yellow in color

Front 140

propionibacterium acnes

Back 140

aka p. acnes, technical term for acne bacteria

Front 141

pustule

Back 141

raised, inflammed papule with a white or yellow center containing pus in the top of the lesion referred to as the head of the pimple

Front 142

reticular layer

Back 142

deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients, contains fat cells, blood vessels, sweat glands, hair follicles, lymph vessels, arrector pili muscles, oil glands, and nerve endings

Front 143

sebaceous glands

Back 143

aka oil glands, glands connected to hair follicles

Front 144

sebum

Back 144

fatty secretion that lubricates the skin and preserves the softness of the hair

Front 145

secretory coil

Back 145

coiled base of the sweat gland

Front 146

secretory nerve fibers

Back 146

fibers of the secretory nerve that are distributed to the sweat glands and sebaceous glands

Front 147

sensory nerve fibers

Back 147

fibers of the sensory nerves that react to heat, cold, touch, pressures, and pain

Front 148

stratum corneum

Back 148

aka horny layer, outer layer of the epidermis

Front 149

stratum germinativum

Back 149

aka basal cell layer, layer of the epidermis composed of cells that look like granules and are filled with keratin

Front 150

stratum lucidum

Back 150

transparent layer of the epidermis under the stratum corneum

Front 151

stratum spinosum

Back 151

spiny layer just above the stratum germinativum layer

Front 152

subcutaneous tissue

Back 152

aka adipose/subcutis tissue, fatty tissue found below the dermis that gives smoothness and contour to the body

Front 153

sudoriferous glands

Back 153

aka sweat glands, excrete perspiration and detoxify the body by excreting excess salt and unwanted chemicals

Front 154

tactile corpuscles

Back 154

small epidermal structures with nerve endings that are sensitive to touch and pressure

Front 155

vitamin a

Back 155

supports the overall health of the skin

Front 156

vitamin c

Back 156

needed for proper repair of the skin and tissues

Front 157

vitamin d

Back 157

enables body to properly absorb and use calcium

Front 158

vitamin e

Back 158

protects skin from harmful effects of UV light

Front 159

leukoderma

Back 159

skin disorder characterized by light abnormal patches caused by a burn or congenital disease that destroys the pigment-producing cells

Front 160

macule/maculae

Back 160

flat spot or discoloration on the skin, such as a freckle or a red spot left after a pimple

Front 161

malignant melanoma

Back 161

most serious form of skin cancer, often characterized by black or dark brown patches on skin that may appear uneven in texture, jagged, or raised

Front 162

milia

Back 162

benign, keratin-filled cysts that can appear just under the epidermis and have no visible opening

Front 163

miliiaria rubra

Back 163

aka prickly heat, an acute inflammatory disorder of the sweat glands, characterized by the eruption of small red vesicles and accompanied by burning, itching skin

Front 164

mole

Back 164

small brownish spot or blemish on the skin, ranging in color from pale tan to brown or bluish black

Front 165

nevus

Back 165

aka birthmark, small or large malformation of the skin due to abnormal pigmentation or dilated capilaries

Front 166

nodule

Back 166

a solid bump larger than .4 inches that can be easily felt

Front 167

noncomedogenic

Back 167

product that has been designed and proven not to clog the follicles

Front 168

primary lesions

Back 168

lesions that are a different color than the color of the skin, and/or lesions that are raised above the surface of the skin

Front 169

psoriasis

Back 169

skin disease characterized by red patches covered with silver-white scales, usually found on the scalp, elbows, knees, chest, and lower back

Front 170

retention hyperkeratosis

Back 170

the hereditary tendency for acne-prone skin to retain dead cells in the follicle, forming an obstruction that clogs follicles and exacerbates inflammatory acne lesions such as papules and pustules

Front 171

scale

Back 171

any thin dry or oily plate of epidermis flakes, like dandruff

Front 172

scar

Back 172

aka cicatrix, a lightly raised mark on the skin formed after an injury or lesion of the skin has healed

Front 173

sebaceous cyst

Back 173

large protruding pocket-like lesion filled with sebum

Front 174

seborrheic dermatitis

Back 174

skin condition caused by an inflammation of the sebaceous glands

Front 175

secondary skin lesions

Back 175

characterized by piles of material on the skin surface, such as a crust or scab, or depressions in the skin surface, such as ulcer

Front 176

sensitization

Back 176

allergic reaction created by repeated exposure to a chemical or a substance

Front 177

skin tag

Back 177

small brown-colored or flesh-colored outgrowth of the skin

Front 178

squamous cell carcinoma

Back 178

type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma, often characterized by scaly red papules or nodules

Front 179

stain

Back 179

abnormal brown-colored or wine-colored skin discoloration with a circular and/or irregular shape

Front 180

tan

Back 180

change in pigmentation of skin caused by exposure to the sun or ultraviolet light

Front 181

telanglectasis

Back 181

distended or dilated surface blood vessels

Front 182

tubercle

Back 182

abnormal, rounded, solid lump above, within, or under the skin, larger than a papule

Front 183

tumor

Back 183

an abnormal mass varying in size, shape, and color

Front 184

ulcer

Back 184

open lesion on the skin or mucous membrane of the body, accompanied by pus and loss of skin depth and possibly weeping fluids or pus

Front 185

verruca

Back 185

aka wart, hypertrophy of the papillae and epidermis

Front 186

vesicle

Back 186

small blister or sac containing clear fluid, lying within or just beneath the epidermis

Front 187

vitiligo

Back 187

hereditary condition that causes hypopigmentation spots and splotches on the skin, may be related to thyroid conditions

Front 188

wheal

Back 188

itchy, swollen lesion that lasts only a few hours, caused by a blow or scratch, the bite of an insect, skin allergy, or sting of a nettle, like hives and mosquito bites

Front 189

bed epithelium

Back 189

thin layer of tissue that attaches the nail plate and the nail bed

Front 190

eponychium

Back 190

living skin at the base of the natural nail plate that covers the matrix area

Front 191

free edge

Back 191

part of the nail plate that extends over the tip of the finger or toe

Front 192

hyponychium

Back 192

slightly thickened layer of skin that lies between the finger tip and free edge of the natural nail plate

Front 193

ligament

Back 193

tough band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or holds an organ in place

Front 194

lunula

Back 194

visible part of the matrix that extends from underneath the living skin, whitish half moon shape at the base of the nail

Front 195

matrix

Back 195

are where the nail plate cells are formed, this area is composed of matrix cells that produce the nail plate

Front 196

nail bed

Back 196

portion of the living skin that supports the nail plate as it grows toward the free edge

Front 197

nail cuticle

Back 197

dead colorless tissue attached to the natural nail plate

Front 198

nail folds

Back 198

folds of normal skin that surround the natural nail plate

Front 199

nail grooves

Back 199

slits or furrows on the sides of the sidewall

Front 200

nail plate

Back 200

hardened keratin that sits on and covers the natural nail bed

Front 201

natural nail

Back 201

aka onyx, hard protective plate is composed mainly of keratin, the same fibrous protein found in skin and hair

Front 202

natural nail unit

Back 202

composed of several major parts of the fingernail including the nail plate, nail bed, matrix, cuticle, eponychium, hyponychium, specialized ligaments, and nail fold

Front 203

sidewall

Back 203

aka lateral nail fold, the fold of skin overlapping the side of the nail

Front 204

beau's lines

Back 204

visible depressions running across the width of the natural nail plate, usually a result of major illness or injury that has traumatized the body

Front 205

bruised nails

Back 205

condition in which a blood clot forms under the nail plate, causing a dark purplish spot

Front 206

discolored nails

Back 206

nails turn a variety of colors, may indicate surface staining, a systemic disorder, or poor blood circulation

Front 207

eggshell nails

Back 207

noticeably thin, white nail plates that are most flexible than normal and can curve over the free edge

Front 208

hangnail

Back 208

aka agnail, a condition in which the living tissue surrounding the nail plate splits or tears

Front 209

leukonychia spots

Back 209

aka white spots, whitish discoloration of the nails, usually caused by injury to the matrix area, not related to the body's health or vitamin deficiencies

Front 210

melanonychia

Back 210

darkening of the fingernails or toenails, may be seen as a black band within the nail plate, extending from the base to the free edge

Front 211

nail disorder

Back 211

condition caused by an injury or disease of the nail unit

Front 212

nail psoriasis

Back 212

a noninfectious condition that affects the surface of the natural nail plate causing tiny pits or severe roughness on the surface of the nail plate

Front 213

nail pterygium

Back 213

abnormal condition that occurs when the skin is stretched by the nail plate, usually caused by serious injury, such as burns or an adverse skin reaction to chemical nail enhancement products

Front 214

onychia

Back 214

inflammation of the nail matrix, followed by shedding of the natural nail

Front 215

onychocryptosis

Back 215

aka ingrown nails, nail grows into the sides of the tissue around the nail

Front 216

onycholysis

Back 216

lifting of the nail plate from the nail bed without shedding, usually beginning at the free edge and continuing toward the lunula area

Front 217

onychomadesis

Back 217

the separation and falling off of a nail plate from the nail bed, affects fingernails and toenails

Front 218

onychomycosis

Back 218

fungal infection of the natural nail plate

Front 219

onychophagy

Back 219

aka bitten nails, result of a habit of chewing the nail or chewing the hardened skin surrounding the nail plate

Front 220

onychorrhexis

Back 220

split or brittle nails that have a series of lengthwise ridges giving a rough appearance to the surface of the nail plate

Front 221

onychosis

Back 221

any deformity or disease of the natural nails

Front 222

paronychia

Back 222

bacterial inflammation of the tissues surrounding the nail causing pus, swelling, and redness, usually in the skin fold adjacent to the nail plate

Front 223

pincer nails

Back 223

aka trumpet nail, increases crosswise curvature throughout the nail plate caused by an increased curvature of the matrix

Front 224

plicatured nail

Back 224

aka folded nail, a type of highly curved nail usually caused by injury to the matrix, but may be inherited

Front 225

pseudomonas aeruginosa

Back 225

one of several common bacteria that can cause nail infection

Front 226

pyogenic granuloma

Back 226

severe inflammation of the nail in which a lump of red tissue grows up from the nail bed to the nail plate

Front 227

ridges

Back 227

vertical lines running through the length of the natural nail plate that are caused by uneven growth of the nails, usually the result of normal aging

Front 228

splinter hemorrhages

Back 228

hemorrhages caused by trauma or injury to the nail bed that damage the capillaries and allow small amounts of blood flow

Front 229

tinea pedis

Back 229

medical term for fungal infections of the feet, red itchy rash of the skin on the bottom of the feet and/or in between the toes

Front 230

alopecia

Back 230

abnormal hair loss

Front 231

alopecia areata

Back 231

form of alopecia that has one or more bald spots/patches on the scalp

Front 232

alopecia totalis

Back 232

total scalp hair loss

Front 233

alopecia universalis

Back 233

total body hair loss

Front 234

amino acids

Back 234

units that are joined together end to end like pop beads by strong, chemical peptide bonds (end bonds) to form the polypeptide chains that comprise proteins

Front 235

anagen phase

Back 235

aka growth phase, phase during which new hair is produced

Front 236

androgenic alopecia

Back 236

aka male pattern baldness, form of alopecia wherein hair becomes vellus

Front 237

canities

Back 237

technical term for gray hair

Front 238

carbuncle

Back 238

inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue caused by staphylococci, similar to furuncle but larger

Front 239

catagen phase

Back 239

the brief transition period between the growth and resting phases of a hair follicle

Front 240

COHNS elements

Back 240

the five elements - carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur - that make up human hair, skin, and nails

Front 241

cortex

Back 241

middle layer of the hair, a fibrous protein core formed y elongated cells containing melanin pigment

Front 242

cowlick

Back 242

tufts of hair that stand straight up

Front 243

cysteine

Back 243

amino acids that join with other cysteine amino acids to create cystine amino acids

Front 244

cystine

Back 244

an amino acid that joins together two peptide strands

Front 245

disulfide bond

Back 245

strong chemical side bond that joins the sulfur atoms of two neighboring cysteine amino acids to create one cystine, which joins together two polypeptide strands like rungs on a ladder

Front 246

fragilitas crinium

Back 246

technical term for brittle hair

Front 247

furuncle

Back 247

boil, acute, localized bacterial infection of the hair follicle that produces constant pain

Front 248

hair bulb

Back 248

lowest part of a hair strand, thickened club-shaped structure that forms the lower part of the hair root

Front 249

hair cuticle

Back 249

outermost layer of hair, consisting of a single overlapping layer of transparent scale-like cells that look like shingles on a roof

Front 250

hair density

Back 250

number of individual strands of hair per square inch

Front 251

hair elasticity

Back 251

ability of hair to stretch and return to original length without breaking

Front 252

hair follicle

Back 252

tube-like depression or pocket in the skin or scalp that contains the hair root

Front 253

hair porosity

Back 253

ability of the hair to absorb moisture

Front 254

hair root

Back 254

part of the hair located below the surface of the epidermis

Front 255

hair shaft

Back 255

the portion of hair that projects above the epidermis

Front 256

hair stream

Back 256

hair flowing in the same direction

Front 257

hair texture

Back 257

thickness or diameter of an individual hair strand

Front 258

helix

Back 258

spiral shape of a coiled protein created by polypeptide chains that intertwine with each other

Front 259

hydrogen bond

Back 259

weak, physical, cross-like side bond that is easily broken by water or heat

Front 260

hydrophilic

Back 260

easily absorbs moisture

Front 261

hydrophobic

Back 261

naturally resistant to moisture

Front 262

hypertrichosis

Back 262

aka hirsuties, condition of abnormal growth of hair, characterized by the growth of terminal hair in areas of the body that normally grow only vellus hair

Front 263

keratinization

Back 263

process by which newly formed cells in the hair bulb mature, fill with keratin, move upward, lose their nucleus, and die

Front 264

lanthionine bonds

Back 264

the bonds created when disulfide bonds are broken by hydroxide chemical hair relaxers after the relaxer is rinsed from the hair

Front 265

malassezia

Back 265

naturally occurring fungus that is present on all human skin, but is responsible for dandruff when it grows out of control

Front 266

medulla

Back 266

innermost layer of the hair that is composed of round cells, often absent in fine and naturally blond hair

Front 267

monilethrix

Back 267

technical term for beaded hair

Front 268

pediculosis capitis

Back 268

infestation of the hair and scalp with head lice

Front 269

peptide bond

Back 269

aka end bond, chemical bond that joins amino acids to each other, end to end, to form a polypeptide chain

Front 270

pityriasis

Back 270

technical term for dandruff

Front 271

pityriasis capitis simplex

Back 271

technical term for classic dandruff, scalp irritation, large flakes, and itchy scalp

Front 272

pityriasis steadoides

Back 272

sever dandruff, waxy scales

Front 273

polypeptide chain

Back 273

long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Front 274

postpartum alopecia

Back 274

temporary hair loss experienced at the conclusion of a pregnancy

Front 275

proteins

Back 275

long, coiled complex polypeptides made of amino acids

Front 276

ringed hair

Back 276

alternating bands of gray and pigmented hair throughout the length of the hair strand

Front 277

salt bond

Back 277

weak, physical, cross-link side bond between adjacent polypeptide chains

Front 278

scutula

Back 278

dry, sulfur-yellow, cup-like crusts on the scalp in tinea favosa or tinea favus

Front 279

side bonds

Back 279

bonds that cross-link the polypeptide chains together and are responsible for the extreme strength and elasticity of human hair

Front 280

telogen phase

Back 280

aka resting phase, the final phase in the hair cycle that lasts until the fully grown hair is shed

Front 281

terminal hair

Back 281

long, coarse, pigmented hair found on the scalp, legs, arms, and bodies of men and women

Front 282

tinea

Back 282

technical term for ringworm

Front 283

tinea favosa

Back 283

fungal infection characterized by dry, sulfur-yellow, cup-like crusts on the scalp called scutula

Front 284

trichology

Back 284

scientific study of hair and its diseases and care

Front 285

trichoptilosis

Back 285

technical term for split ends

Front 286

trichorrhexis nodosa

Back 286

technical term for knotted hair

Front 287

vellus hair

Back 287

short, fine, unpigmented downy hair that appears on the body, with exception of the palms of hand and soles of feet

Front 288

wave pattern

Back 288

shape of the hair strands - straight, wavy, curly, extremely curly

Front 289

whorl

Back 289

hair that forms in a circular pattern on the crown of the head

Front 290

acidic solution

Back 290

solution that has a pH below 7.0 (neutral)

Front 291

alkaline solution

Back 291

solution that has a pH above 7.0 (neutral)

Front 292

alkalis

Back 292

aka bases, compounds that react with acids to form salts

Front 293

alkanolamines

Back 293

alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products

Front 294

alpha hydroxy acids

Back 294

aka AHAs, acids derived from plants (mostly fruit) that are often used to exfoliate the skin

Front 295

ammonia

Back 295

colorless gas with a pungent odor that is composed of hydrogen and nitrogen

Front 296

anion

Back 296

an ion with a negative electrical charge

Front 297

atoms

Back 297

smallest chemical components (often called particles) of an element, structures that make up the element and have the same properties of the element

Front 298

cation

Back 298

an ion with a positive electrical charge

Front 299

chemical change

Back 299

changes in the chemical composition or make-up of a substance

Front 300

chemical properties

Back 300

characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance

Front 301

chemistry

Back 301

science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter, and how matter changes under different conditions

Front 302

combustion

Back 302

rapid oxidation of a substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light

Front 303

compound molecules

Back 303

aka compounds, a chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite (fixed) proportions

Front 304

element

Back 304

simplest form of chemical matter, element cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity

Front 305

elemental molecules

Back 305

molecule containing two or more atoms of the same element in fixed proportions

Front 306

emulsifier

Back 306

ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable blend

Front 307

emulsion

Back 307

unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances plus a special ingredient called emulsifier

Front 308

exothermic reactions

Back 308

chemical reactions that release a significant amount of heat

Front 309

glycerin

Back 309

sweet, colorless, oily substance used as a solvent and as a moisturizer in skin and body creams

Front 310

immiscible

Back 310

liquids that are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions

Front 311

inorganic chemistry

Back 311

study of substances that do not contain the element carbon, but may contain the element hydrogen

Front 312

ion

Back 312

atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge

Front 313

ionization

Back 313

separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions

Front 314

lipophilic

Back 314

having an affinity for or an attraction to fat and oils

Front 315

logarithm

Back 315

multiples of ten

Front 316

matter

Back 316

any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight)

Front 317

misicible

Back 317

liquids that are mutually soluble

Front 318

molecule

Back 318

chemical combination of two or more atoms in fixed proportions

Front 319

oil-in-water emulsion

Back 319

aka O/W emulsion, oil droplets emulsified in water

Front 320

organic chemistry

Back 320

study of substances that contain the element carbon

Front 321

oxidation

Back 321

chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide

Front 322

oxidation reduction

Back 322

aka redox, chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and reducing agent is oxidized

Front 323

oxidizing agent

Back 323

substance that releases oxygen

Front 324

pH

Back 324

aka potential hydrogen, pH represents the quantity of hydrogen ions

Front 325

pH scale

Back 325

a measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance, the pH scale has a range of 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. below 7 is an acidic solution, above 7 is an alkaline solution

Front 326

physical change

Back 326

change in the form or physical proportions of a substance, without a chemical reaction or the creation of a new substance

Front 327

physical mixture

Back 327

physical combination of matter in any proportions

Front 328

physical properties

Back 328

characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the substance

Front 329

pure substance

Back 329

chemical combination of matter in fixed proportions

Front 330

reducing agent

Back 330

substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compound

Front 331

reduction

Back 331

process though which oxygen is subtracted from or hydrogen is added to a substance through a chemical reaction

Front 332

reduction reaction

Back 332

chemical reaction in which oxygen is subtracted from or hydrogen is added to a substance

Front 333

silicones

Back 333

special type of oil used in hair conditioners, water-resistant lubricants for the skin, and nail polish dryers

Front 334

solute

Back 334

the substance that is dissolved in a solution

Front 335

solution

Back 335

stable physical mixture of two or more substances

Front 336

solvent

Back 336

substances that dissolves the solute and makes a solution

Front 337

states of matter

Back 337

three different physical forms of matter - solid, liquid, and gas

Front 338

surfactants

Back 338

contraction of surface active agents, substances that allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify

Front 339

suspensions

Back 339

unstable physical mixtures of undissolved particles in a liquid

Front 340

thioglycolic acid

Back 340

colorless liquid or white crystals with a strong unpleasant odor that is used in permanent waving solutions

Front 341

volatile alcohols

Back 341

alcohols that evaporate easily

Front 342

volatile organic compounds

Back 342

aka VOCs, compounds that contain carbon (organic) and evaporate very easily

Front 343

water-in-oil emulsion

Back 343

aka W/O emulsion, water droplets are emulsified in oil

Front 344

active electrode

Back 344

electrode of an electrotherapy device that is used on the area to be treated

Front 345

alternating current

Back 345

aka AC, rapid and interrupted current, flowing first in one direction and then in the opposite direction, produced by mechanical means and changes directions 60 times per second

Front 346

ampere

Back 346

aka amp, unit that measures the strength of an electric current

Front 347

anaphoresis

Back 347

process of infusing an alkaline product into the tissues from the negative pole toward the positive pole

Front 348

anode

Back 348

positive electrode of an electrotherapy device, the anode is usually red and is marked with a P or a plus sign

Front 349

catalysts

Back 349

substances that speed up chemical reactions

Front 350

cataphoresis

Back 350

process of fusing an acidic product into deeper tissues using galvanic current from the positive pole toward the negative pole

Front 351

cathode

Back 351

negative electrode of an electrotherapy device, the cathode is usually black and is marked with an N or a minus sign

Front 352

chromophore

Back 352

a color component within the skin such as blood or melanin

Front 353

circuit breaker

Back 353

switch that automatically interrupts or shuts off an electric circuit at the first indication or overload

Front 354

complete electric circuit

Back 354

path of negative and positive electric currents moving from the generating source through the conductors and back to the generating source

Front 355

conductor

Back 355

any material that conducts electricity

Front 356

converter

Back 356

apparatus that changes direct current to alternating current

Front 357

desincrustation

Back 357

form of anaphoresis, process used to soften and emulsify grease deposits (oils) and blackheads in the air follicles

Front 358

direct current

Back 358

aka DC, constant, even-flowing current that travels in one direction only had is produced by chemical means

Front 359

electric current

Back 359

flow of electricity along a conductor

Front 360

electricity

Back 360

movement of particles around an atom the creates pure energy

Front 361

electrode

Back 361

aka probe, applicator for directing electric current from an electrotherapy device to the client's skin

Front 362

electromagnetic spectrum

Back 362

aka electromagnetic spectrum of radiation, name given to all of the forms of energy that exist

Front 363

fuse

Back 363

prevents excessive current from passing through a circuit

Front 364

galvanic current

Back 364

constant and direct current, having a positive and negative pole, that produces chemical changes when it passes through the tissues and fluids of the body

Front 365

grounding

Back 365

completes an electric circuit and carries the current safely away

Front 366

inactive electrode

Back 366

opposite pole from the active electrode

Front 367

infared light

Back 367

longer wavelengths, penetrates more deeply, has less energy, and produces more heat than visible light, makes up 60% of natural sunlight

Front 368

intense pulse light

Back 368

medical device that uses multiple colors and wavelengths of focused light to treat spider veins, hyperpigmentation, rosacea, redness, wrinkles, enlarged hair follicles and pores, and excessive hair

Front 369

invisible light

Back 369

light at either end of the visible spectrum of light that is invisible to the naked eye

Front 370

iontophoresis

Back 370

process of infusing water-soluble products into the skin with the use of electric current, such as the use of the positive and negative poles of a galvanic machine

Front 371

kilowatt

Back 371

aka K, 1,000 watts

Front 372

laser

Back 372

acronym for light amplification stimulation emission of radiation, a medical device that uses electromagnetic radiation for hair removal and skin treatment

Front 373

light-emitting diode

Back 373

aka LED, a medical device used to reduce acne, increase skin circulation, and improve the collagen content in the skin

Front 374

light therapy

Back 374

aka phototherapy, the application of light rays to the skin for the treatment of wrinkles, capillaries, pigmentation, or hair removal

Front 375

microcurrent

Back 375

an extremely low level of electricity that mirrors the body's natural electrical impulses

Front 376

milliampere

Back 376

aka mA, 1/1,000th of an ampere

Front 377

modalities

Back 377

currents used in electrical facial and scalp treatments

Front 378

nonconductor

Back 378

aka insulator, a material that does not transmit electricity

Front 379

ohm

Back 379

aka O, unit that measures the resistance of an electric current

Front 380

photothermolysis

Back 380

process that turns light from a medical laser device into heat

Front 381

polarity

Back 381

negative pole or positive pole of an electric current

Front 382

rectifier

Back 382

apparatus that changes alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC)

Front 383

tesla high-frequency current

Back 383

aka violet ray, thermal or heat-producing current with a high rate of oscillation of vibration that is commonly used for scalp and facial treatments

Front 384

ultraviolet light

Back 384

aka UV light, invisible light that has a short wavelength, is less penetrating than visible light, causes chemical reactions to happen more quickly then visible light, produces less heat than visible light, and kills germs

Front 385

visible spectrum of light

Back 385

part of electromagneticspectrum that can be seen, visible light makes up only 35% of natural sunlight

Front 386

volt

Back 386

aka voltage, unit that measures the pressure or force that pushes electric current forward through a conductor

Front 387

watt

Back 387

aka W, unit that measures how much electric energy is being used in one second

Front 388

waveform

Back 388

measurement of the distance between two wavelengths

Front 389

wavelength

Back 389

distance between successive peaks of electromagnetic waves

Front 390

asymmetrical balance

Back 390

is established when two imaginary halves of a hairstyle have an equal visual weight, but the two halves are positioned unevenly. opposite sides of the hairstyle are different lengths or have a different volume. asymmetry can be horizontal or diagonal

Front 391

balance

Back 391

establishing equal or appropriate proportions to create symmetry. in hairstyling, it is the relationship of height to width

Front 392

bang area

Back 392

aka fringe area, triangular section that begins at the apex, or high point of the head, and ends at the front corners

Front 393

concave profile

Back 393

curving inward, prominent forehead and chin, with other features receded inward

Front 394

contrasting lines

Back 394

horizontal and vertical lines that meet at a 90-degree angle and create and hard edge

Front 395

convex profile

Back 395

curving outward, receding forehead and chin

Front 396

curved lines

Back 396

lines moving in a circular or semi-circular direction, used to soften a design

Front 397

design texture

Back 397

wave patterns that must be taken into consideration when designing a style

Front 398

diagonal lines

Back 398

lines positioned between horizontal and vertical lines. they are often used to emphasize or minimize facial features

Front 399

directional lines

Back 399

lines with a definite forward or backward movement

Front 400

emphasis

Back 400

aka focus, the place in a hairstyle where the eye is drawn first before traveling to the rest of the design

Front 401

form

Back 401

the mass or general outline of a hairstyle. it is 3D and has length, width, and depth

Front 402

harmony

Back 402

creation of unity in a design, the most important of the art principles. holds all the elements of the design together

Front 403

horizontal lines

Back 403

lines parallel to the floor or horizon, create width in design

Front 404

parallel lines

Back 404

repeating lines in a hairstyle, may be straight or curved

Front 405

profile

Back 405

outline of the face, head, or figure seen in a side view

Front 406

proportion

Back 406

the comparative relation of one thing to another, the harmonious relationship among parts or things

Front 407

rhythm

Back 407

regular pulsation or recurrent pattern of movement in a design

Front 408

single lines

Back 408

hairstyle with only one line, such as the one-length hairstyle

Front 409

space

Back 409

area surrounding the form or area the hairstyle occupies

Front 410

straight profile

Back 410

neither convex nor concave, considered the ideal

Front 411

symmetrical balance

Back 411

two halves of a style, form a mirror image of one another

Front 412

transitional lines

Back 412

usually curved lines that are used to blend and soften horizontal or vertical lines

Front 413

vertical lines

Back 413

lines that are straight up and down, create length and height in hair design

Front 414

balancing shampoo

Back 414

shampoo that washes away excess oiliness from hair and scalp, while preventing the hair from drying out

Front 415

clarifying shampoo

Back 415

shampoo containing an active chelating agent that binds to metals such as iron and copper, and removes them from the hair

Front 416

color-enhancing shampoo

Back 416

shampoo created by combining the surfactent base with basic color pigments

Front 417

conditioner

Back 417

special chemical agent applied to the hair to deposit protein or moisturizer to help restore hair strength, give hair body, or to protect hair against possible breakage

Front 418

contraindicated

Back 418

avoiding a procedure or condition that may produce undesirable side effects

Front 419

deep-conditioning treatment

Back 419

aka hair mask, chemical mixture of concentrated protein and intensive moisturizer

Front 420

deionized water

Back 420

water that has had impurities, such as calcium and magnesium and other metal ions that would make a product unstable, removed

Front 421

dry shampoo

Back 421

aka powder shampoo, shampoo that cleanses the hair without the use of soap and water

Front 422

hard water

Back 422

water that contains minerals that reduce the ability of soap or shampoo to lather

Front 423

humectants

Back 423

substances that absorb moisture or promote the retention of moisture

Front 424

medical scalp lotion

Back 424

conditioner that promotes healing of the scalp

Front 425

medicated shampoo

Back 425

shampoo containing special chemicals or drugs that are very effective in reducing dandruff or relieving other scalp conditions

Front 426

moisturizer

Back 426

product formulated to add moisture to dry hair or promote the retention of moisture

Front 427

nonstripping

Back 427

product that does not remove artificial color from the hair

Front 428

pH-balanced shampoo

Back 428

shampoo that is balanced to the pH of skin and hair (4.5 to 5.5)

Front 429

protein conditioner

Back 429

product designed to penetrate the cortex and reinforce the hair shaft from within

Front 430

scalp astringent lotion

Back 430

product used to remove oil accumulation from the scalp, used after a scalp treatment and before styling

Front 431

scalp conditioner

Back 431

product, usually in a cream base, used to soften and improve the health of the scalp

Front 432

soft water

Back 432

rainwater of chemically softened water that contains only a small amount of minerals and therefore, allows soap and shampoo to lather freely

Front 433

spray-on thermal protector

Back 433

product applied to hair prior to any thermal service to protect the hair from the harmful effects of blowdrying, thermal irons, or electric rollers

Front 434

angle

Back 434

space between two lines or surfaces that intersect at a given point

Front 435

apex

Back 435

highest point on the top of the head

Front 436

beveling

Back 436

haircutting technique using diagonal lines by cutting hair ends with a slight increase or decrease in length

Front 437

blunt haircut

Back 437

aka one-length haircut, haircut in which all the hair comes to one hanging level, forming a weight line or area, hair is cut with no elevation or overdirection

Front 438

carving

Back 438

haircutting technique done by placing the still blade into the hair and resting it on the scalp, and then moving the shears through the hair while opening and partially closing the shears

Front 439

cast

Back 439

method of manufacturing shears, a metal-forming process whereby molten steel is poured into a mold and, once the metal is cooled, takes on the shape of the mold

Front 440

clipper-over-comb

Back 440

haircutting technique similar to scissor-over-comb, except that the clippers move side to side across the comb rather than bottom to top

Front 441

cross-checking

Back 441

parting the haircut in the opposite way from which you cut it in order to check for precision of line and shape

Front 442

crown

Back 442

area of the head between the apex and back of the parietal ridge

Front 443

cutting line

Back 443

angle at which the fingers are held when cutting, and ultimately, the line that is cut, aka finger angle, finger position, cutting position, or cutting angle

Front 444

distribution

Back 444

where and how hair is moved over the head

Front 445

elevation

Back 445

aka projection or lifting, angle or degree at which a subsection of hair is held, or lifted, from the head when cutting

Front 446

forged

Back 446

process of working metal to a finished shape by hammering or pressing

Front 447

four corners

Back 447

points on the head that signal a change in the shape of the head, from flat to round or vice versa

Front 448

free-hand notching

Back 448

haircutting technique in which pieces of the hair are snipped out at random intervals

Front 449

free-hand slicing

Back 449

haircutting technique used to release weight from the subsection, allowing the hair to move more freely

Front 450

graduated haircut

Back 450

graduated shape or wedge, an effect or haircut that results from cutting the hair with tension low to medium elevation or overdirection

Front 451

graduation

Back 451

elevation occurs when a section is lifted above 0 degrees

Front 452

growth pattern

Back 452

direction in which the hair grows from the scalp also referred to as natural fall or neutral falling position

Front 453

guideline

Back 453

aka guide, section of hair located at the perimeter or or the interior of the cut, that determines the length the hair will be cut

Front 454

hairline

Back 454

hair the grows at the outermost perimeter along the face, around the ears, and on the neck

Front 455

head form

Back 455

aka head shape, shape of the head, which greatly affects the way the hair falls and behaves

Front 456

interior

Back 456

inner or internal part

Front 457

interior guideline

Back 457

guideline that is inside the haircut rather than on the perimeter

Front 458

layered haircut

Back 458

graduated effect achieved by cutting the hair with elevation or overdirection, the hair is cut at higher elevations, usually 90 degrees or above, which removes weight

Front 459

layers

Back 459

create movement and volume in the hair by releasing weight

Front 460

line

Back 460

the continuous mark used as a guide, can be straight or curved, horizontal or vertical

Front 461

long-layered haircut

Back 461

haircut in which the hair is cut at a 180 degree angle, the resulting shape has shorter layers at the top and increasingly longer layers toward the perimeter

Front 462

nape

Back 462

back part of the neck, the hair below the occipital bone

Front 463

notching

Back 463

haircutting technique a version of point cutting in which the tips of the scissors are moved toward the hair ends rather than into them, creates chunkier effect

Front 464

occipital bone

Back 464

bone that protrudes at the base of the skull

Front 465

overdirection

Back 465

combing a section away from its natural falling position, rather than straight out from the head, toward a guideline, used to create increasing lengths in the interior or perimeter

Front 466

palm-to-palm

Back 466

cutting position in which the palms of both hands are facing eachother

Front 467

parietal ridge

Back 467

widest area of the head, usually starting at the temples and ending at the bottom of the crown

Front 468

part/parting

Back 468

line dividing the hair at the scalp, separating one section of the hair from another, creating substances

Front 469

perimeter

Back 469

outer line of a hairstyle

Front 470

point cutting

Back 470

haircutting technique in which the tips of the shears are used to cut points into the ends of the hair

Front 471

razor-over-comb

Back 471

texturizing technique in which the comb and the razor are used on the surfaces of the hair

Front 472

razor rotation

Back 472

texturizing technique similar to razor-over-comb, done with small circular motions

Front 473

reference points

Back 473

points on the head that mark where the surface of the head changes or the behavior of the hair changes, such as ears, jawline, occipital bone, apex, and so on, used to establish design lines that are proportionate

Front 474

scissor-over-comb

Back 474

aka shear-over-comb, haircutting technique in which the hair is held in place with the comb while the tips of the scissors are used to remove the lengths.

Front 475

sections

Back 475

to divide the hair by parting into uniform working areas for control

Front 476

shrinkage

Back 476

when hair contracts or lifts through the action of moisture loss or drying

Front 477

slicing

Back 477

haircutting technique that removes bulk, and adds movement through the lengths of the hair, the shears are not completely closed, and only the portion of the blades near the pivot is used

Front 478

slide cutting

Back 478

method of cutting or thinning the hair in which the fingers and shears glide along the edge of the hair to remove length

Front 479

slithering

Back 479

aka effilating, process of thinning the hair to graduated lengths with shears, cutting the hair with a sliding movement of the shears while keeping the blades partially open

Front 480

stationary guideline

Back 480

guideline that does not move

Front 481

subsections

Back 481

smaller sections within a larger section of hair, used to maintain control of the hair

Front 482

taper

Back 482

haircutting effect in which there is an even blend from very short at the hairline to longer lengths as you move up the head, to taper is to narrow progressively at one end

Front 483

tension

Back 483

amount of pressure applied when combing and holding a section, created by stretching or pulling the section

Front 484

texturizing

Back 484

haircutting technique designed to remove access bulk without shortening the length, changing the appearance or behavior of the hair through specific haircutting techniques using shears, thinning shears, or a razor

Front 485

traveling guideline

Back 485

aka movable guide, guideline that moves as the haircutting progresses, used often when creating layers or graduation

Front 486

uniform layers

Back 486

hair is elevated to 90 degrees from the scalp and cut at the same length

Front 487

weight line

Back 487

visual line in the haircut where the ends of the hair hang together

Front 488

backbrushing

Back 488

aka ruffling, technique used to build a soft cushion or to mesh two or more curl patterns together for a uniform and smooth comb out

Front 489

backcombing

Back 489

aka teasing, ratting, matting, french lacing, combing small sections of hair from the ends toward the scalp, causing shorter hair to mat at the scalp and form a cushion or base

Front 490

barrel curls

Back 490

pin curls with large center openings, fastened to the head in a standing position on a rectangular base

Front 491

base

Back 491

stationary foundation of a pin curl, the panel of hair on which the roller is placed

Front 492

blowdry styling

Back 492

technique of drying and styling damp hair in a single operation

Front 493

carved curls

Back 493

aka sculptured curls, pin curls sliced from a shaping and formed without lifting the hair from the head

Front 494

cascade curls

Back 494

aka stand-up curls, pin curls fastened to the head in a standing position to allow the hair to flow upward and then downward

Front 495

circle

Back 495

the part of the pin curl that forms a complete circle, also the hair that is wrapped around the roller

Front 496

closed-center curls

Back 496

pin curls that produce waves that get smaller toward the end

Front 497

concentrator

Back 497

nozzle attachment of a blowdryer, directs the air stream to any section of the hair more intensely

Front 498

curl

Back 498

aka circle, the hair that is wrapped around the roller

Front 499

diffuser

Back 499

blowdryer attachment that causes the air to flow more softly and helps to accentuate or keep textural definition

Front 500

double press

Back 500

technique of passing a hot curling iron through the hair before performing a hard press

Front 501

end curls

Back 501

used to give a finished appearance to hair ends either turned under or over

Front 502

finger waving

Back 502

process of shaping and directing the hair into an S pattern through the use of the fingers

Front 503

foam

Back 503

aka mousse, a light airy whipped styling product that resembles shaving foam and builds moderate body and volume into the hair

Front 504

full-base curls

Back 504

thermal curls that sit in the center of their base, strong curls with full volume

Front 505

full-stem curls

Back 505

curl placed completely off the base, allows for the greatest mobility

Front 506

gel

Back 506

thickened styling preparation that comes in a tube or bottle and creates a strong hold

Front 507

hair pressing

Back 507

method of temporary straightening extremely curly or unruly hair by means of a heated iron or comb

Front 508

hair spray

Back 508

aka finishing spray, a styling product applied in the form of a mist to hold a style in position, available in a variety of holding strengths

Front 509

hair wrapping

Back 509

technique used to keep curly hair smooth and straight

Front 510

half base

Back 510

position of a curl or a roller that sits halfway on its base and halfway behind the base, giving medium volume and movement

Front 511

half-base curls

Back 511

thermal curls placed half off their base, strong curls with moderate lift or volume

Front 512

half-stem curl

Back 512

curl placed half off the base, permits medium movement and gives good control to the air

Front 513

hard press

Back 513

technique that removes 100% of the curl by applying the pressing comb twice on each side of the hair

Front 514

indentation

Back 514

the point where curls of opposite directions meet, forming a recessed area

Front 515

knot

Back 515

aka chignon, technique used for formal hairstyling that creates the look of a knot or bun

Front 516

liquid gels

Back 516

aka texturizers, styling products that are lighter and less viscous than form hold gels used for easy styling, defining, and molding

Front 517

medium press

Back 517

technique that removes 60-75% of the curl by applying a thermal pressing comb once on each side of the hair, using slightly more pressure than in the soft press

Front 518

no-stem curl

Back 518

curl placed directly on its base, produces a tight, firm, long-lasting curl and allows minimum mobility

Front 519

off base

Back 519

the position of a curl or a roller completely off its base for maximum mobility and minimum volume

Front 520

off-base curls

Back 520

thermal curls placed completely off their base, offering only slight lift or volume

Front 521

on base

Back 521

aka full base, position of a curl or roller directly on its base for maximum volume

Front 522

open-center curls

Back 522

pin curls that produce even, smooth waves and uniform curls

Front 523

pleat

Back 523

aka classic french twist, a technique used for formal hairstyling that creates a look of folded hair

Front 524

pomade

Back 524

aka wax, styling products that add considerable weight to the hair by causing strands to join together, showing separation in the hair

Front 525

ribboning

Back 525

technique of forcing the hair between the thumb and the back of the back of the comb to create tension

Front 526

ridge curls

Back 526

pin curls placed immediately behind or below a rdige to form a wave

Front 527

rod

Back 527

round, solid prong of a thermal iron

Front 528

shaping

Back 528

section of the hair that is molded in a circular movement in preparation for the formation of curls

Front 529

shell

Back 529

the clamp that presses the hair against the barrel or rod of a thermal iron

Front 530

skip waves

Back 530

two rows of ridge curls, usually on the of the head

Front 531

soft press

Back 531

technique of pressing the hair to remove 50 to 60% of the curl by applying the thermal pressing comb once on each side of the hair

Front 532

spiral curl

Back 532

method of curling the hair by winding a strand around the rod

Front 533

stem

Back 533

section of the pin curl between the base and first arc of the circle that gives the curl its direction and movement, hair between the scalp and the first turn of the roller

Front 534

straightening gel

Back 534

styling product applied to damp hair that is wavy, curly, or extremely curly and then blown dry, relaxes the hair for a smooth, straight look

Front 535

temper

Back 535

a process used to condition a new brass pressing comb so that it heats evenly

Front 536

thermal irons

Back 536

implements made of quality steel that are used to curl dry hair

Front 537

thermal waving and curling

Back 537

aka marcel waving, methods of waving and curling straight or pressed dry hair using thermal irons and special manipulative curling techniques

Front 538

twist

Back 538

techniques used for formal hairstyling that creates a look of conical shape

Front 539

updo

Back 539

hairstyle in which the hair is arranged up and off the shoulders

Front 540

volume-base curls

Back 540

thermal curls placed very high on their base, provide maximum lift or volume

Front 541

volumizers

Back 541

styling products that add volume, especially at the base, when wet hair is blown dry

Front 542

waving lotion

Back 542

type of hair gel that makes the hair pliable enough to keep it in place during the finger-waving procedure

Front 543

cornrows

Back 543

aka canerows, narrow rows of visible braids that lie close to the scalp and are created with a three-strand, on-the-scalp braiding technique

Front 544

fishtail braid

Back 544

simple two-strand braid in which hair is picked up from the sides and added to the strands as they are crossed over each other

Front 545

invisible braid

Back 545

aka inverted braid, french braid, a three-strand braid that is produced with an overhand technique

Front 546

locks

Back 546

aka dreadlocks, separate networks of curly, textured hair that have been intertwined and meshed together

Front 547

natural hairstyling

Back 547

hairstyling that uses no chemicals or dyes and does not alter the natural curl or coil pattern of the hair

Front 548

overhand technique

Back 548

a technique in which the first side section goes over the middle one, then the other side section goes over the middle strand

Front 549

rope braid

Back 549

braid created with two strands that are twisted around each other

Front 550

single braids

Back 550

aka box braid, individual braids, free-hanging braids, with or without extensions, that can be executed using either an underhand or an overhand technique

Front 551

twisting

Back 551

overlapping two strands to form a candy cane effect

Front 552

underhand technique

Back 552

aka plaiting, a technique in which the left section goes under the middle strand, then the right section goes under the middle strand

Front 553

visible braid

Back 553

three-strand braid that is created using an underhand technique

Front 554

weaving

Back 554

intertwining a weft or faux hair with natural hair

Front 555

block

Back 555

head-shaped form, usually made of canvas-covered cork or styrofoam, on which the wig is secured for fitting, cleaning, coloring, and styling

Front 556

bonding

Back 556

method of attaching hair extensions in which hair wefts or single strands are attached with adhesive or bonding agent

Front 557

braid-and-sew method

Back 557

attachment method in which hair extensions are secured to client's own hair by sewing braids or a weft onto an on-the-scalp braid or cornrow, which is sometimes called the track

Front 558

cap wigs

Back 558

wigs constructed of elasticized, mesh-fiber bases to which the hair is attached

Front 559

capless wigs

Back 559

aka caps, machine-made from human or artificial hair which is woven into rows of wefts. wefts are sewn to elastic strips in a circular pattern to fit the head shape

Front 560

fallen hair

Back 560

hair that has been shed from the head or gathered from a hairbrush as opposed to hair that has been cut, the cuticles of the strands will move in different directions

Front 561

fusion bonding

Back 561

method of attaching extensions in which extension hair is bonded to the clients own hair with a bonding material that is activated by heat from a special tool

Front 562

hair extensions

Back 562

hair additions that are secured to the base of the clients natural hair in order to add length, volume, texture, or color

Front 563

hairpiece

Back 563

small wig used to cover the top or crown of the head, or a hair attachment of some sort

Front 564

hand-tied wigs

Back 564

aka hand-knotted wigs, wigs made by inserting individual strands of hair into mesh foundations and knotting them with a needle

Front 565

integration hairpiece

Back 565

hairpiece that has opening in the base through which the client's own hair is pulled to blend with the hair of the hairpiece

Front 566

machine-made wigs

Back 566

wigs made by machine by feeding wefts through a sewing machine and then sewing them together to form the base and shape of the wig

Front 567

semi-hand-tied wigs

Back 567

wigs constructed with a combination of synthetic hair and hand-tied human hair

Front 568

toupee

Back 568

small wig used to cover the top or crown of the head

Front 569

turned hair

Back 569

aka remi hair, the root end of every single strand is sewn into the base so the the cuticle of all hair strands move in the same direction: down

Front 570

wefts

Back 570

long strips of human or artificial hair with a threaded edge

Front 571

wig

Back 571

artificial covering for the head consisting of a network of interwoven hair

Front 572

acid-balanced waves

Back 572

permanent waves that have a 7.0 (neutral) pH because of their higher pH, they process at room temperature, do not require the added heat of a dryer, process more quickly, and produce firmer curls than true acid waves

Front 573

alkaline waves

Back 573

aka cold waves, have a pH between 9.0 and 9.6, use ATG as the reducing agent and process at room temperature without the addition of heat

Front 574

amino acids

Back 574

compounds made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogens, nitrogen, sulfur (COHNS)

Front 575

ammonia-free waves

Back 575

perms that use an ingredient that does not evaporate as readily as ammonia so there is very little odor associated with their use

Front 576

ammonium thioglycolate (ATG)

Back 576

active ingredient or reducing agent in alkaline permanents (cold waves)

Front 577

base control

Back 577

position of the tool in relation to its base section, determined by the angle at which the hair is wrapped

Front 578

base cream

Back 578

aka protective base cream, oily cream used to protect the skin and scalp during hair relaxing

Front 579

base direction

Back 579

angle at which the rod is positioned on the head, also the directional pattern in which the hair is wrapped

Front 580

base placement

Back 580

refers to the position of the rod in relation to its base section, base placement is determined by the angle at which the hair is wrapped

Front 581

base relaxers

Back 581

relaxers that require the application of protective base cream to the entire scalp prior to the application of the relaxer

Front 582

base sections

Back 582

substances of panels into which hair is divided for perm wrapping, one rod is normally placed on each base section

Front 583

basic permanent wrap

Back 583

aka straight set wrap, perm wrapping pattern in which all the rods within a panel move in the same direction and are positioned on equal-sized bases, all the base sections are horizontal, and are the same length and width as the perm rod

Front 584

bookend wrap

Back 584

perm wrap in which one end paper is folded in half over the hair ends like an envelope

Front 585

bricklay permanent wrap

Back 585

perm wrap similar to actual technique of bricklaying, base sections are offset from each other row by row, to prevent noticeable splits and to blend the flow of the hair

Front 586

chemical hair relaxing

Back 586

process or service that rearranges the structure of curly hair into a straighter or smoother form

Front 587

chemical texture services

Back 587

hair services that cause a chemical change that alters the natural wave pattern of the hair

Front 588

concave rods

Back 588

perm rods that have a smaller diameter in the center that increases to a larger diameter on the ends

Front 589

croquignole perm wrap

Back 589

perms in which the hair strands are wrapped from ends to scalp in overlapping concentric layers

Front 590

curvature permanent wrap

Back 590

perm wrap in which partings and bases radiate throughout the panels to follow the curvature of the head

Front 591

double flat wrap

Back 591

perm wrap in which one end paper is placed under and another is placed over the strand of hair being wrapped

Front 592

double-rod wrap

Back 592

aka piggyback wrap, a wrap technique whereby extra-long hair is wrapped on one rod from the scalp to midway down the hair shaft, and another rod is used to wrap the remaining hair strand in the same direction

Front 593

end papers

Back 593

aka end wraps, absorbent papers used to control the ends of the hair when wrapping and winding hair on perm rods

Front 594

endothermic waves

Back 594

perm activated by an outside heat source, usually a conventional hood-type hair dryer

Front 595

exothermic waves

Back 595

create an exothermic chemical reaction that heats up the waving solution and speeds up processing

Front 596

glyceryl monothioglycolate (GMTG)

Back 596

main active ingredient in true acid-balanced waving lotions

Front 597

half off-base placement

Back 597

base control in which the hair is wraped at an angle of 90 degrees or perpendicular to its base section and the rod is positioned half off its base-section

Front 598

hydroxide neutralization

Back 598

an acid-alkali neutralization reaction that neutralizes the alkaline residues left in the hair by a hydroxide relaxer and lowers the pH of the hair and scalp, hydroxide relaxer neutralization does not involve oxidation or rebuild disulfide bonds

Front 599

hydroxide relaxers

Back 599

very strong alkalis with a pH over 13, the hydroxide ion is the active ingredient in all hydroxide relaxers

Front 600

keratin proteins

Back 600

long, coiled polypeptide chains

Front 601

lanthionization

Back 601

process by which hydroxide relaxers permanently straighten hair, they remove a sulfur atom from a disulfide bond and convert it into a lanthionine bond

Front 602

loop rod

Back 602

aka circle rod, tool that is usually about 12 inches long with a uniform diameter along the entire length of the rod

Front 603

low-pH waves

Back 603

perms that use sulfates, sulfites, and bisulfites as an alternative to ammonium thioglycolate (ATG), they have a low pH

Front 604

metal hydroxide relaxers

Back 604

ionic compounds formed by a metal which is combined with oxygen and hydrogen

Front 605

no-base relaxers

Back 605

relaxers that do not require application of a protective base cream

Front 606

normalizing lotions

Back 606

conditioners with an acidic pH that restore the hair's natural pH after a hydroxide relaxer and prior to shampooing

Front 607

off-base placement

Back 607

base control in which the hair is wrapping at 45 degree angle beyond perpendicular to its base section, and the rod is positioned on its base

Front 608

on-base placement

Back 608

base control in which the hair is wrapped at a 45 degree angle beyond perpendicular to its base section, and the rod is positioned on its base

Front 609

peptide bonds

Back 609

aka end bonds, chemical bonds that join amino acids together, and to end in long chains, to form polypeptide chains

Front 610

permanent waving

Back 610

a two-step process whereby the hair undergoes a physical change caused by wrapping the hair on perm rods, and then the hair undergoes a chemical change caused by the application of permanent waving solution and neutralizer

Front 611

polypeptide chains

Back 611

long chains of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

Front 612

single flat wrap

Back 612

perm wrap that is similar to double flat wrap but uses only one end paper, placed over the top of the strand of the hair being wrapped

Front 613

soft bender rods

Back 613

tool about 12 inches long with a uniform diameter along the entire length

Front 614

soft curl permanent

Back 614

combination of a thio relaxer and a thio permanent that is wrapped on large rods to make existing curl larger and looser

Front 615

spiral perm wrap

Back 615

hair is wrapped at an angle other than perpendicular to the length of the rod, which causes the hair to spiral along the length of the rod, similar to the stripes on a candy cane

Front 616

straight rods

Back 616

perm rods that are equal in diameter along their entire length or curling area

Front 617

thio neutralization

Back 617

stops the action of a permanent wave solution and rebuilds the hair in its new curly form

Front 618

thio relaxers

Back 618

use the same ATG that is used in permanent waving, but at a higher concentration and a higher pH (above 10)

Front 619

thio-free waves

Back 619

perm that uses an ingredient other than ATG as the primary reducing agent, such as cysteamine or mercaptamine

Front 620

true acid waves

Back 620

have a pH between 4.5 and 7.0 and require heat to process, they process more slowly than alkaline waves, and do not usually produce as firm a curl as alkaline waves

Front 621

viscosity

Back 621

the measurement of the thinness of a liquid that affects that affects how the fluid flows

Front 622

weave technique

Back 622

wrapping technique that uses zigzag partings to divide base areas

Front 623

activators

Back 623

aka boosters, protinators, accelerators, powdered persulfate salts added to haircolor to increase its lightening ability

Front 624

aniline derivatives

Back 624

contain small, uncolored dyes that combine with hydrogen peroxide to form larger, permanent dye molecules within the cortex

Front 625

baliage

Back 625

aka free-form technique, painting a lightener directly onto clean, styled hair

Front 626

base color

Back 626

predominant tone of a color

Front 627

cap technique

Back 627

lightening technique that involves pulling clean, dry strands of hair through a perforated cap with a thin plastic or metal hook, and then combing them to remove tangles

Front 628

color fillers

Back 628

equalize porosity and deposit color in one application to provide a uniform contributing pigment on prelightened hair

Front 629

complementary colors

Back 629

a primary and secondary color positioned directly opposite each other on the color wheel

Front 630

conditioner fillers

Back 630

used to recondition damaged, overly porous hair and equalize porosity so that the hair accepts the color evenly from strand to strand and scalp to ends

Front 631

contributing pigment

Back 631

aka undertone, the varying degrees of warmth exposed during a permanent color or lightening process

Front 632

demipermanent haircolor

Back 632

aka no-lift deposit-only color, formulated to deposit but not lift natural hair color

Front 633

developers

Back 633

aka oxidizing agents or catalysts, when mixed with an oxidation haircolor, supplies the necessary oxygen gas to develop color molecules and create a change in hair color

Front 634

double-process application

Back 634

aka two-step coloring, a coloring technique requiring two separate procedures in which the hair is prelightened before the depositing color is supplied to the hair

Front 635

fillers

Back 635

used to equalize porosity

Front 636

foil technique

Back 636

highlighting technique that involves coloring selected strands of hair by slicing or weaving out sections, placing them on foil or plastic wrap, applying lightener or permanent haircolor, and then sealing them in the foil or plastic wrap

Front 637

glaze

Back 637

a nonammonia color that adds shine and tone to the hair

Front 638

hair color

Back 638

the natural color of hair

Front 639

hair lightening

Back 639

aka bleaching or decolorizing, chemical process involving the diffusion of the natural hair color pigment or artificial haircolor from the hair

Front 640

haircolor

Back 640

professional, salon industry term referring to artificial haircolor products and services

Front 641

haircolor glaze

Back 641

common way to describe a haircolor service that adds shine and color to the hair

Front 642

highlighting

Back 642

coloring some of the hair strands lighter than the natural color to add a variety of lighter shades and the illusion of depth

Front 643

highlighting shampoo

Back 643

color prepared by combing permanent haircolor, hydrogen peroxide, and shampoo

Front 644

hydrogen peroxide developer

Back 644

oxidizing agent that, when mixed with an oxidation haircolor, supplies the necessary oxygen gas to develop the color molecules and create a change in natural hair color

Front 645

intensity

Back 645

the strength of a color

Front 646

law of color

Back 646

system for understanding color relationships

Front 647

level

Back 647

the unit of measurement used to identify the lightness of darkness of a color

Front 648

level system

Back 648

system that colorists use to determine the lightness or darkness of a color

Front 649

lighteners

Back 649

chemical compounds that lighten hair by dispersing, dissolving, and decolorizing the natural hair pigment

Front 650

line of demarcation

Back 650

visible line separating colored hair from new growth

Front 651

metallic haircolors

Back 651

aka gradual haircolors, haircolors containing metal salts that change hair color gradually by progressive buildup and exposure to air creating a dull, metallic appearance

Front 652

mixed melanin

Back 652

combination of natural hair color that contains both pheomelanin and eumelanin

Front 653

natural haircolors

Back 653

aka vegetable haircolors, colors, such as henna, obtained from the leaves or bark of plants

Front 654

new growth

Back 654

part of the hair shaft between the scalp and the hair that has been previously colored

Front 655

off-the-scalp lighteners

Back 655

aka quick lighteners, powdered lighteners that cannot be used directly on the scalp

Front 656

on-the-scalp lighteners

Back 656

lighteners that can be used directly on the scalp by mixing the lightener with activators

Front 657

patch test

Back 657

aka predisposition test, test required by the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act for identifying a possible allergy in a client

Front 658

permanent haircolors

Back 658

lighten and deposit color at the same time and in a single process because they are more alkaline then no-lift deposit-only colors and are usually mixed with a higher-volume developer

Front 659

prelightening

Back 659

first step of double-process haircoloring, used to lift or lighten the natural pigment before the application of toner

Front 660

presoftening

Back 660

process of treating gray or very resistant hair to allow for better penetration of color

Front 661

primary colors

Back 661

pure or fundamental colors that cannot be created by combining other colors

Front 662

resistant

Back 662

hair type that is difficult for moisture or chemicals to penetrate, and thus requires a longer processing time

Front 663

reverse highlighting

Back 663

aka lowlighting, technique of coloring strands of hair darker than the natural color

Front 664

secondary color

Back 664

color obtained by mixing equal parts of two primary colors

Front 665

semipermanent haircolor

Back 665

no-lift deposit-only nonoxidation haircolor that is not mixed with peroxide and is formulated to last through several shampoos

Front 666

single-process haircoloring

Back 666

process that lightens and deposits color in the hair in a single application

Front 667

slicing

Back 667

coloring technique that involves taking a narrow, 1/8th inch section of the hair by making a straight part at the scalp, positioning the hair over the foil, and applying lightener or color

Front 668

soap cap

Back 668

combination of equal parts of a prepared permanent color mixture and shampoo used the last five minutes and worked through the hair to refresh the ends

Front 669

special effects haircoloring

Back 669

any technique that involves partial lightening or coloring

Front 670

strand test

Back 670

determines how the hair will react to the color formula and how long the formula should be left on the hair

Front 671

temporary haircolor

Back 671

nonpermanent color whose large pigment molecules prevent penetration of the cuticle layer, allowing only a coating action that may be removed by shampooing

Front 672

tertiary color

Back 672

intermediate color achieved by mixing a secondary color and its neighboring primary color on the color wheel in equal amounts

Front 673

tone

Back 673

aka hue, the balance of color

Front 674

toners

Back 674

semipermanent, demipermanent, and permanent haircolor products that are used primarily on prelightened hair to achieve pale and delicate colors

Front 675

virgin application

Back 675

first time the hair is colored

Front 676

volume

Back 676

measures the concentration and strength of hydrogen peroxide

Front 677

weaving

Back 677

coloring technique in which selected strands are picked up from a narrow section of hair with a zigzag motion of the comb, and lightener or color applied only to these strands

Front 678

brazilian bikini waxing

Back 678

a waxing technique that requires the removal of all the hair from the front and the back of the bikini area

Front 679

depilatory

Back 679

substance, usually a caustic alkali preparation, used for the temporary removal of superfluous hair by dissolving it at the skin surface level

Front 680

electrolysis

Back 680

removal of hair by means of an electric current that destroys the root of the hair

Front 681

epilator

Back 681

substance used to remove hair by pulling it out of the follicle

Front 682

health screening form

Back 682

a questionnaire that discloses all medications, both topical and oral, along with any known skin disorders or allergies that might affect treatment

Front 683

hirsuties

Back 683

aka hypertrichosis, growth of an unusual amount of hair on parts of the body normally bearing only vellus hair

Front 684

hirsutism

Back 684

condition pertaining to an excessive growth or cover of hair, especially in women

Front 685

laser hair removal

Back 685

permanent hair removal treatment in which a laser beam is pulsed on the skin, impairing the hair growth

Front 686

photoepilation

Back 686

aka intense pulsed light, permanent hair removal treatment that uses intense light to destroy the growth cells of the hair follicles

Front 687

sugaring

Back 687

temporary hair removal method that involves the use of a thick, sugar-based paste

Front 688

threading

Back 688

temporary hair removal method that involves twisting and rolling cotton thread along the surface of the skin, entwining the hair in the thread, and lifting it from the follicle

Front 689

tweezing

Back 689

using tweezers to remove hairs

Front 690

alipidic

Back 690

literally means "lack of lipids" describes skin that does not produce enough sebum, indicated by absence of visible pores

Front 691

ampoules

Back 691

individual doses of serum, sealed in small vials

Front 692

aromatherapy

Back 692

the therapeutic use of plant aromas for beauty and health treatment

Front 693

brushing machine

Back 693

rotating electric appliance with interchangeable brushes that can be attached to the rotating head

Front 694

chemical exfoliants

Back 694

products that contain chemicals that either loosen or dissolve dead cell buildup

Front 695

chucking

Back 695

massage movement accompanied by grasping the flesh firmly in one hand and moving the hand up and down along the bone while the other hand keeps the arm or leg in a steady position

Front 696

clay-based masks

Back 696

oil-absorbing cleansing masks that have an exfoliating effect and an astringent effect on oily and combination skin, making large pores temporarily appear smaller

Front 697

cleansing milks

Back 697

non-foaming lotion cleansers designed to cleanse dry and sensitive skin types and to remove makeup

Front 698

contraindication

Back 698

condition that requires avoiding certain treatments, procedures, or products to prevent undesirable side effects

Front 699

couperose

Back 699

distended capillaries caused by weakening of the capillary walls

Front 700

cream masks

Back 700

masks often containing oils and emollients as well as humectants, have a strong moisturizing effect

Front 701

effleurage

Back 701

light, continuous stroking movement applied with the fingers or the palms in a slow, rhythmic manner

Front 702

electrotherapy

Back 702

the use of electrical currents to treat the skin

Front 703

emollients

Back 703

oil or fatty ingredients that prevent moisture from leaving the skin

Front 704

enzyme peels

Back 704

aka keratolytic enzymes or protein-dissolving agents, a type of chemical exfoliant that works by dissolving keratin protein in the surface cells of the skin

Front 705

exofoliants

Back 705

products that help bring about exfoliation

Front 706

exfoliation

Back 706

the removal of excess dead cells from the skin surface

Front 707

foaming cleansers

Back 707

cleansers containing surfactants which cause the product to foam and rinse off easily

Front 708

friction

Back 708

deep rubbing movement requiring pressure on the skin with the fingers or palm while moving them over an underlying structure

Front 709

fulling

Back 709

form of petrissage in which the tissue is grasped, gently lifted, and spread out, used mainly for massaging the arms

Front 710

gommages

Back 710

aka roll-off masks, peeling creams that are rubbed off of the skin

Front 711

hacking

Back 711

chopping movement performed with the edges of the hands in massage

Front 712

humectants

Back 712

aka hydrators or water-binding agents, ingredients that attract water

Front 713

masks

Back 713

aka masques, concentrated treatment products often composed of mineral clays, moisturizing agents, skin softeners, aromatherapy oils, botanical extracts and other beneficial ingredients to cleanse, exfoliate, tighten, tone, hydrate, and nourish the skin

Front 714

massages

Back 714

manual or mechanical manipulation of the body by rubbing, gently pinching, kneading, tapping, and other movements to increase metabolism and circulation, promote absorption, and relieve pain

Front 715

massage creams

Back 715

lubricants used to make the skin slippery during massage

Front 716

mechanical exfoliants

Back 716

methods used to physically remove dead cell buildup

Front 717

microdermabrasion

Back 717

mechanical exfoliation that involves shooting aluminum oxide or other crystals at the skin with a hand-held device that exfoliates dead cells

Front 718

microdermabrasion scrubs

Back 718

scrubs that contains aluminum oxide crystals

Front 719

modelage masks

Back 719

facial masks containing special crystals and gypsum, a plaster-like ingredient

Front 720

moisturizers

Back 720

products that help increase the moisture content of the skin

Front 721

motor point

Back 721

point on the skin over the where pressure or stimulation will cause contraction of that muscle

Front 722

open comedones

Back 722

aka blackheads, follicles impacted with solidified sebum and dead cell buildup

Front 723

ostium

Back 723

follicle opening

Front 724

paraffin wax masks

Back 724

specially prepared facial masks containing paraffin and other beneficial ingredients, typically used with treatment cream

Front 725

petrissage

Back 725

kneading movement performed by lifting, squeezing, and pressing the tissue with a light, firm pressure

Front 726

rolling

Back 726

massage movement in which the tissues are pressed and twisted using a fast back-and-forth movement

Front 727

serums

Back 727

concentrated products that generally contain higher concentrations of ingredients designed to penetrate and treat various skin conditions

Front 728

steamer

Back 728

a facial machine that heats and produces a stream of warm steam that can be focused on the client's face or other areas of skin

Front 729

tapotement

Back 729

aka percussion, movements consisting of short quick tapping, slapping, and hacking movements

Front 730

toners

Back 730

aka fresheners or astringents, lotions that help rebalance the pH and remove remnants of cleanser from the skin

Front 731

treatment cream

Back 731

a specialty product designed to facilitate change in the skin's appearance

Front 732

vibration

Back 732

in massage, the rapid shaking of the body part while the balls of the fingertips are pressed firmly on the point of application

Front 733

wringing

Back 733

vigorous movement in which the hands, placed a little distance apart on both sides of the client's arm or leg, working downward apply a twisting motion against the bones in the opposite direction

Front 734

band lashes

Back 734

aka strip lashes, eyelash hairs on a strip that are applied with adhesive to the natural lash line

Front 735

cake makeup

Back 735

aka pancake makeup, heavy coverage makeup pressed into a compact and applied to the face with a moistened cosmetic sponge

Front 736

cheek color

Back 736

aka blush or rouge, used primarily to add a natural looking glow to the cheeks

Front 737

color primer

Back 737

applied to the skin before foundation to cancel out and help disguise skin discoloration

Front 738

concealers

Back 738

thick, heavy types of foundation used to hide dark eye circles, dark splotches, and other imperfections

Front 739

cool colors

Back 739

colors that suggest coolness and are dominated by blues, greens, violets, and blue-reds

Front 740

eye makeup removers

Back 740

special preparations for removing eye makeup

Front 741

eye shadows

Back 741

cosmetics applied on the eyelids to accentuate or contour

Front 742

eye tabbing

Back 742

procedure in which individual synthetic eyelashes are attached directly to a client's own lashes at their base

Front 743

eyebrow pencil

Back 743

aka eyebrow shadows, pencils used to add color and shape to the eyebrows

Front 744

eyelash adhesive

Back 744

product used to make artificial eyelashes adhere to the natural lash line

Front 745

eyeliner

Back 745

cosmetic used to outline and emphasize the eyes

Front 746

face powder

Back 746

cosmetic powder, sometimes tinted and scented, that is used to add a matte finish to the face

Front 747

foundation

Back 747

aka base makeup, a tinted cosmetic used to cover or even out the coloring of the skin

Front 748

greasepaint

Back 748

heavy makeup used for theatrical purposes

Front 749

individual lashes

Back 749

separate artificial eyelashes that are applied to the eyelids one at a time

Front 750

line of demarcation

Back 750

an obvious line where foundation starts or stops

Front 751

lip color

Back 751

aka lipstick or lip gloss, paste-like cosmetic used to change or enhance the color of the lips

Front 752

lip liner

Back 752

colored pencil used to outline the lips and to help keep lip color from bleeding into the small lines around the mouth

Front 753

mascara

Back 753

cosmetic preparation used to darken, define, and thicken the eyelashes

Front 754

matte

Back 754

nonshiny

Front 755

warm colors

Back 755

range of colors from yellow and gold through oranges, red-oranges, most reds, and even some yellow-greens

Front 756

dimethyl urea hardeners (DMU)

Back 756

hardener that adds cross-links to the natural nail plate, unlike hardeners containing formaldehyde, does not cause adverse skin reactions

Front 757

disposable implements

Back 757

aka single-use implements, implements that cannot be reused and must be thrown away after a single use

Front 758

essential oils

Back 758

oils extracted using various forms of distillation from the seeds, bark, roots, leaves, wood, and/or resin of plants

Front 759

fine-grit abrasives

Back 759

240 grit and higher abrasives designed for buffing, polishing, and removing very fine scratches

Front 760

implements

Back 760

tools used to perform nail services. implements can be reusable or disposable

Front 761

lower-grit abrasives

Back 761

boards and buffers less than 180 grit that quickly reduce the thickness of any surface

Front 762

medium-grit abrasives

Back 762

180 to 240 grit abrasives that are used to smooth and refine surfaces and shorten natural nails

Front 763

metal pusher

Back 763

reusable implement, made of stainless steel, if should not be used to push back the eponychium but can be used to gently scrape cuticle tissue from the natural nail plate

Front 764

microtrauma

Back 764

the act of causing tiny unseen openings in the skin that can allow entry by pathogenic microbes

Front 765

nail clippers

Back 765

reusable implement used to shorten the nail plate quickly and efficiently

Front 766

nail creams

Back 766

barrier products that contain ingredients designed to seal the surface and hold subdermal moisture in the skin

Front 767

nail oils

Back 767

products designed to absorb into the nail plate to increase flexibility and into the the surrounding skin to soften

Front 768

nipper

Back 768

a stainless-steel implement used to carefully trim away dead skin around the nails

Front 769

oval nail

Back 769

conservative nail shape that is thought to be attractive on most women's hands. it has a similar to a squoval nail with even more rounded corners

Front 770

paraffin

Back 770

a petroleum by-product that has excellent sealing properties to hold moisture in the skin

Front 771

pointed nail

Back 771

nail shape suited to thin hands with long fingers and narrow nail beds. the nail is tapered and longer than usual to emphasize and enhance the slender appearance of the hand

Front 772

protein hardeners

Back 772

a combination of clear polish and protein, such as collagen

Front 773

reusable implements

Back 773

aka multi-use implements, implements that are generally stainless steel because they must be properly cleaned and disinfected between clients

Front 774

round nail

Back 774

slightly tapered nail shape, it usually extends just a bit past the fingertip

Front 775

scope of practice

Back 775

list of services that you are legally allowed to perform in your specialty in your state

Front 776

service sets

Back 776

sets of all the tools that will be used in a service

Front 777

square nail

Back 777

nail shape completely straight across the free edge with no rounding at the outside edges

Front 778

squoval nail

Back 778

nail shape with a square free edge that is rounded off at the corner edges

Front 779

wooden pusher

Back 779

wooden stick used to remove cuticle tissue from the nail plate to clean under the free edge of the nail, or to apply products

Front 780

callus softeners

Back 780

products designed to soften and smooth thickened tissue

Front 781

curette

Back 781

small, scoop-shaped implement used for more efficient removal of debris from the nail folds

Front 782

exfoliating scrubs

Back 782

water-based lotions that contain a mild, gritty-like abrasive and moisturizers to help in removing dry, flaky skin and reduce calluses

Front 783

foot file

Back 783

aka paddle, large abrasive file used to smooth and reduce thicker areas of callus

Front 784

foot soaks

Back 784

products containing gentle soaps, moisturizers, and other additives that are used in a pedicure bath to cleanse and soften the skin

Front 785

nail rasp

Back 785

metal implement with a grooved edge that is used for filling and smoothing the edges of the nail plate

Front 786

pedicure

Back 786

cosmetic service performed on the feet by a licensed cosmetologist or nail technician, can include exfoliating the skin, callus reduction, as well as trimming, shaping, and polishing toenails, often includes foot massage

Front 787

reflexology

Back 787

unique method of applying pressure with thumb and index fingers to the hands and feet, and it has demonstrated health benefits

Front 788

toe separators

Back 788

foam rubber or cotton disposable materials used to keep toes apart while polishing the nails, a new set must be used on each client

Front 789

toenail clippers

Back 789

professional implements that are larger than fingernail clippers and have a curved or straight jaw, specifically designed for cutting toenails

Front 790

acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

Back 790

aka ABS, common thermoplastic used to make light, rigid, molded nail tips

Front 791

cyanoacrylate

Back 791

specialized acrylic monomer that has excellent adhesion to the natural nail plate and polymerizes in seconds

Front 792

fabric wrap

Back 792

nail wrap made of silk, linen, or fiberglass

Front 793

fiberglass wraps

Back 793

made from a very thin synthetic mesh with a loose weave

Front 794

linen wraps

Back 794

made from closely woven, heavy material

Front 795

maintenance

Back 795

term for when a nail enhancement needs to be serviced after two or more weeks from the initial application of the nail enhancement product

Front 796

nail dehydrator

Back 796

substance used to remove surface moisture and tiny amounts of oil left on the natural nail plate

Front 797

nail tip adhesive

Back 797

bonding agent used to secure the nail tip to the natural nail

Front 798

nail tips

Back 798

plastic, pre-molded nails shaped from a tough polymer made from ABS plastic

Front 799

nail wrap

Back 799

method of securing a layer of fabric or paper on and around the nail tip to ensure its strength and durability

Front 800

nail wrap resin

Back 800

used to coat and secure fabric wraps to the natural nail and nail tip

Front 801

overlay

Back 801

layer of any kind of nail enhancement product that is applied over the natural nail or nail and tip application for added strength

Front 802

paper wraps

Back 802

temporary nail wraps made of very thin paper

Front 803

position stop

Back 803

the point where the free edge of the natural nail meets the tip

Front 804

repair patch

Back 804

piece of fabric cut to completely cover a crack or break in the nail

Front 805

silk wraps

Back 805

made from a thin natural material with a tight weave that becomes transparent when wrap resin is applied

Front 806

stress strip

Back 806

strip of fabric cut to 1/8th inch in length and applied to the weak point of the nail during the four week fabric wrap maintenance to repair or strengthen a weak point in a nail enhancement

Front 807

tip cutter

Back 807

implement similar to a nail clipper, designed especially for use on nail tips

Front 808

wrap resin accelerator

Back 808

aka activator, acts as the dryer that speeds up the hardening process of the wrap resin or adhesive overlay

Front 809

apex

Back 809

aka arch, the area of the nail that has all of the strength

Front 810

chain reaction

Back 810

aka polymerization reaction, process that joins together monomers to create very long polymer chains

Front 811

initiators

Back 811

substance that starts the chain reaction that leads to the creation of very long polymer chains

Front 812

monomer

Back 812

one unit called a molecule

Front 813

monomer liquid

Back 813

chemical liquid mixed with polymer powder to form the sculptured nail enhancement

Front 814

monomer liquid and polymer powder nail enhancements

Back 814

enhancements created by combining monomer liquid and polymer powder

Front 815

nail extension underside

Back 815

the actual underside of the nail extension

Front 816

odorless monomer liquid and polymer powder products

Back 816

nail enhancement products that have little odor

Front 817

polymer

Back 817

substance formed by combining many small molecules into very long chain-like structures

Front 818

polymerization

Back 818

aka curing or hardening, chemical reaction that creates polymers

Front 819

polymer powder

Back 819

powder in white, clear, pink, and many other colors that is combined with monomer liquid to form the nail enhancement

Front 820

stress area

Back 820

where the natural nail grows beyond the finger and becomes the free edge

Front 821

cure

Back 821

to harden

Front 822

hard UV gels

Back 822

aka traditional UV gels, gels that cannot be removed with a solvent and must be filed off the natural nail

Front 823

inhibition layer

Back 823

the tacky surface left on the nail after a UV gel has cured

Front 824

oligomer

Back 824

short chain of monomer liquids that is often thick, sticky, and gel-like and that is not long enough to be considered a polymer

Front 825

one-color method

Back 825

when one color of gel, usually clear, is applied over the entire surface of the nail

Front 826

opacity

Back 826

amount of colored pigment concentration in a gel, making it more or less difficult to see through

Front 827

photoinitiator

Back 827

chemical that initiates the polymerization reaction

Front 828

pigmented UV gels

Back 828

any building or self-leveling gel that includes color pigment

Front 829

soft UV gels

Back 829

aka soakable gels, these gels are removed by soaking in acetone

Front 830

two-color method

Back 830

method whereby two colors of resin are used to overlay the nail

Front 831

unit wattage

Back 831

measure of how much electricity the lamp consumes

Front 832

deductive reasoning

Back 832

process of reaching logical conclusions by employing logical reasoning

Front 833

employment portfolio

Back 833

a collection, usually bound, of photos and documents that reflect your skills, accomplishments, and abilities in your chosen career field

Front 834

resume

Back 834

written summary of a person's education and work experience

Front 835

stem

Back 835

the basic question or problem

Front 836

test-wise

Back 836

understanding the strategies for successful test taking

Front 837

transferable skills

Back 837

skills mastered at other jobs that can be put to use in a new position

Front 838

work ethic

Back 838

taking pride in your work and committing yourself to consistently doing a good job for your clients, employer, and salon team

Front 839

client base

Back 839

customers who are loyal to a particular cosmetologist

Front 840

commission

Back 840

a percentage of the revenue that the salon takes in from services performed by a particular cosmetologist, usually offered to that cosmetologist once the individual has built up a loyal clientele

Front 841

job description

Back 841

document that outlines all the duties and responsibilities of a particular position in a salon or spa

Front 842

retailing

Back 842

act of recommending and selling products to your clients for at-home use

Front 843

ticket upgrading

Back 843

aka upselling services, the practice of recommending and selling additional services to your clients

Front 844

booth rental

Back 844

aka chair rental, renting a booth or station in a salon

Front 845

business plan

Back 845

written description of your business as you see it today, and as you foresee it in the next five years

Front 846

business regulations and laws

Back 846

any local, state, and federal regulations and laws that you must comply with when you decide to open your salon or rent a booth

Front 847

capital

Back 847

money needed to invest in a business

Front 848

consumption supplies

Back 848

supplies used in the daily business operation

Front 849

corporation

Back 849

an ownership structure controlled by one or more stockholders

Front 850

demographics

Back 850

information about a specific population including data on race, age, income, and educational attainment

Front 851

goals

Back 851

set of benchmarks that, once achieved, help you to realize your mission and your vision

Front 852

insurance

Back 852

guarantees protection against financial loss from malpractice, property liability, fire, burglary and theft, and business interruption

Front 853

partnership

Back 853

business structure in which two or more people share ownership, although not necessarily equally

Front 854

personnel

Back 854

your staff or employees

Front 855

green

Back 855

if red is present, what will counteract that

Front 856

purple

Back 856

if yellow is present, what will counteract that

Front 857

blue

Back 857

if orange is present, what will counteract that

Front 858

orange

Back 858

what takes away a blue tone

Front 859

yellow

Back 859

what takes away a purple tone

Front 860

red

Back 860

what takes away a green tone

Front 861

red, yellow, blue

Back 861

what are the 3 primary colors

Front 862

orange, green, purple

Back 862

what are the 3 secondary colors

Front 863

red-orange, yellow-orange, yellow-green, blue-green, blue-violet, red-violet

Back 863

what are the 6 tertiary colors

Front 864

20v

Back 864

if someone is a level 3 and wants to be a level 5, what volume developer do you need

Front 865

40v

Back 865

if someone is a level 6 and wants to be a level 10, what volume developer do you need

Front 866

30v

Back 866

if someone is a level 3 and wants to be a level 6, what volume developer do you need

Front 867

10v

Back 867

if someone is a level 6 and wants to be a level 7, what volume developer do you need

Front 868

10v

Back 868

if someone is a level 4 and wants to be a level 2, what volume developer do you need

Front 869

10v

Back 869

if someone is a level 3 and wants to be a level 3, what volume developer do you need

Front 870

no, not for 3 days

Back 870

can you shampoo immediately after a perm

Front 871

no, never

Back 871

should you do a service against what the manufacturer instructions say

Front 872

oval

Back 872

what face shape is considered ideal for any hairstyle

Front 873

round

Back 873

what face shape benefits from minimal volume at the sides and maximum volume on top

Front 874

square

Back 874

what face shape benefits from soft waves and a subtle bang with medium length hair

Front 875

triangle

Back 875

what face shape benefits from volume at the top half of the head

Front 876

oblong

Back 876

adding volume to the temple and side areas of this face shape are most flattering

Front 877

diamond

Back 877

volume near the chin area is best for this face shape

Front 878

inverted triangle

Back 878

curling the lower half of a longer hairstyle would look best with this face shape

Front 879

45 degrees

Back 879

what angle do you cut a standard bob

Front 880

180 degrees

Back 880

what angle do you cut a standard long layered haircut

Front 881

90 degrees

Back 881

what angle do you cut a standard uniform layered haircut

Front 882

0 degrees

Back 882

what angle do you cut someone's hair if they don't want any layers

Front 883

they are both in your prominent cutting hand (ex: if you cut the hair with your right hand, then while you're combing through the hair, you have your shears grasped in your right hand and the comb on top in your right hand)

Back 883

during a haircut, if you're combing through the hair, what hand is the comb in and what hand are the shears in

Front 884

around the hairline

Back 884

where does the cotton go during a perm service

Front 885

anytime its fully saturated

Back 885

when should you change the cotton during a perm service

Front 886

no

Back 886

can you use a relaxer after a perm has been done

Front 887

no

Back 887

can you use a perm after a relaxer has been done

Front 888

no, not always

Back 888

do you always use a lightener if someone wants to go lighter

Front 889

no, not usually a safe route

Back 889

can you always go from very dark to very light in one salon visit

Front 890

no, never guarantee that. there are many factors that may interfere with making a salon service exactly like a picture in one salon visit. today, even photo editing and filters make it near impossible to make someone look 100% like a picture. say things like "we'll get it as close as possible"

Back 890

can you guarantee a service look exactly like a picture

Front 891

typically, it pulls orange

Back 891

what color normally (but not always) shows through when lightening dark hair

Front 892

patch test

Back 892

what should you make a client come in and do 24+ hours ahead of time when using a new chemical on them on their next visit

Front 893

strand test

Back 893

what should you do prior to every chemical service before you even put them in the bowl

Front 894

client consultation

Back 894

what should you do prior to every service (chemical or otherwise) before you've even caped them

Front 895

abrasions, contagions, fungi

Back 895

what do you check for on the scalp before beginning services

Front 896

every two years on october 31st

Back 896

when do you have to renew your florida cosmetology license?

Front 897

16 hours

Back 897

how many hours of continuing education does the board of cosmetology require a cosmetologist to complete before renewal

Front 898

wet disinfection container

Back 898

tub or jar with a lid, filled with disinfectant and large enough for all items to be completely immersed

Front 899

infection control

Back 899

means the process for reducing the risk of spreading disease causing pathogens

Front 900

75%

Back 900

what is the minimum passing score on your florida written and clinical cosmetology exams