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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The Industrial Revolution initiated a quantum leap in industrial production, by using new sources of energy and power, especially ____to run laborsaving machines.
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coal and steam
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Power machinery called for new ways of organizing human labor to ____from the new machines
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maximize the benefits and profits
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As many early factories were dreadful, reformers were especially critical of the treatment of ____
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married women
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During the Industrial Revolution, Europe experienced a shift from a traditional, labor-intensive economy based on farming and handicrafts to ____
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a more capital-intensive economy based on manufacturing by machines, specialized labor, and industrial factories
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Industrial Revolution fundamentally changed European society and relationship to other people. Large factories encouraged mass movements of people from countryside to urban areas where ____
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impersonal coexistence replaced the traditional intimacy of rural life
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The rise of ________class or proletariat substantially transformed traditional social relationships
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a wealthy industrial middle and a huge industrial working
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Industrial Revolution began in ____and spread to European continent and the New world; it had made Great Britain the wealthiest country in the world.
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Britain in the second half of the 18th century
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The best markets abroad were not in Europe, but in____, where people wanted sturdy, inexpensive cloths rather than costly, highly finished luxury items.
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America, Africa and the East
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Britain had the highest standard of living in Europe and a rapidly growing population. This ____led entrepreneurs to seek and accept new methods of manufacturing.
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demand from both domestic and foreign markets and the inability of the old system to fulfill it
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1n the 1770s and 1780s, ____took the first major revolutionary step by inventing the modern factory.
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the cotton textile industry
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The development of ____sped the process of weaving on a loom and enabled weavers to double their output.
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flying shuttle飞梭
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Until____, perfected by 1768, allowed spinners to produce yarn纱in greater quantities.
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James Hargreaves's spinning jenny珍妮纺纱机
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____, invented in 1787, allowed the weaving of cloth to catch up with the spinning of yarn and presented new opportunities to entrepreneurs.
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Edmund Cartwright's power loom埃德蒙•卡特赖特的动力织机
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____revolutionized the production of cotton goods and allowed the factory system to spread to other areas of production, thereby creating whole new industries.
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Steam engine
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In the 1760s, a Scottish engineer, James Watt created ____that could pump water from mines three times as quickly as previous engines.
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an engine power by steam
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1n 1782, Watt enlarged the possibilities of the steam engine when he developed ____that could turn a shaft and drive machinery.
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a rotary engine旋转式发动机
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Because steam engines were fired by coal, it offered____.
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a greater flexibility in their choice of location
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British cotton goods sold everywhere in the world, and in Britain itself,, cheap cotton cloth made it possible for ____
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millions of poor people to wear undergarments
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The steam engine was ____
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a tireless source of power and depended for fuel on a substance of (coal-unlimited in quantity)
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Between 1815 and 1850, the output of coal quadrupled. In turn, new processes using coal furthered the development of the____.
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iron industry
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Depending on charcoal in the Middle Ages and coke derived from coal in the early 18th century, high qualified iron was not attained until____.
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1780s when Henry Cort developed a system called pudding, in which coke was used to burn away impurities in pig iron
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High-quality wrought iron encouraged the use of machinery especially in the means of transportation as ____
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steamboats and railroads
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In 1804, ____pioneered the first steam-powered locomotive火车头on an industrial rail line in southern Wales-pulled 10 tons of ore and 70 people at 5 miles per hour.
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Richard Trevithick
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____, the better locomotive, was used on the first public railway line (opened in 1830, extending 32 miles from Liverpool to Manchester, at 16 miles per hour and 50 m/h 20 years later)
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George Stephenson's Rocket
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In 1840, Britain had almost 2,000 miles of railroads; 10 years later (1850), ____miles of track crisscrossed the country.
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6,000
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Unlike preindustrial workers, factory workers were forced to ____
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work regular hours and shifts to keep the machines producing at a steady pace for maximum output
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Factory regulations were minute and detailed. Adult workers were fined for a wide variety of ____
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minor infractions 违规such as a few minutes late for work, and dismissed for more serious misdeeds, especially intoxication
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Drunkenness was viewed as offensive because____
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it set a bad example for younger workers and courted disaster around dangerous machinery
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Employers found ____worked well for adult employees in the time when great population growth had produced large masses of unskilled labor
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dismissals and fines
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In 1851, the British organized the world's first industrial fair in London Crystal Palace: ____
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the Great exhibition contained 100,000 exhibits
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The Great Exhibition displayed____.
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Britain's wealth to the world and was a gigantic symbol of British success
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Children were less likely to understand the implications of dismissal, so they were disciplined more directly by ____
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beating
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By the year of the Great Exhibition in 1851, Great Britain had become the world's first and richest industrial nation. It produced ____of the world's coal and manufactured goods; its cotton industry alone was equal in size to the industries of all other European countries combined.
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one-half
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____wrote The History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain in 1835 and discussed the success of Richard Arkwright理查德•阿克莱特, the inventor of a spinning frame and founder of cotton factories.
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Edward Baines爱德华•贝恩斯
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