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318 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Bugs with exotoxins |
"Some Say Cobra Venom Entering Buttocks Could Cause Complete Blindness So Suck" |
|
some toxins encoded by lysogenic phages. |
ABCDE |
|
examples of Obligate anaerobes |
Anearobes know their ABC's |
|
Catalase |
Catalase degrades H2O2, an antimicrobial product of PMNs. H2O2 is a substrate for myeloperoxidase. |
|
what makes coagulase |
S. aureus makes coagulase, |
|
bacterial cAMP inducers |
cAMP |
|
Zoonotic bacteria |
Big Bad Bugs From Yer Pet |
|
Cat scratch fever aka |
Bartonella henselae |
|
Bartonella henselae |
cat scratch fever |
|
Peliosis Hepatis |
is an uncommon vascular condition characterised by randomly distributed multiple blood-filled cavities throughout liver. |
|
is an uncommon vascular condition characterised by randomly distributed multiple blood-filled cavities throughout liver. |
Peliosis Hepatis |
|
Peliosis Hepatis |
HIV |
|
treatment of choice for most |
Tetracycline is the |
|
Rocky Mountain spotted fever |
Endemic to East Coast (in spite of name). |
|
Classic cause of atypical “walking” pneumonia |
Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
|
Leptospira interrogans |
Question marke shape spirochete bacteria in water contaminated with animal urine |
|
Question marke shape spirochete bacteria in water contaminated with animal urine |
Leptospira interrogans |
|
Leptospira interrogans |
fluelike with fever, headache, stomach pain and jaundace |
|
Weil's disease |
aka icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis - severe form of jaundice and azotemia from liver and kidney dysfunction; fever, hemorrhage, and anemia |
|
aka icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis - severe form of jaundice and azotemia from liver and kidney dysfunction; fever, hemorrhage, and anemia |
Weil's disease |
|
VDRL mech |
VDRL detects nonspecific antibody that reacts with |
|
detects nonspecific antibody that reacts with |
VDRL |
|
Systemic mycoses can mimic |
TB |
|
“Tricky T’s” |
-Typhoid fever=Salmonella typhi |
|
Rubella aka |
(German measles) |
|
German measles aka |
Rubella |
|
Hepatitis virus families |
HEP A-picornavirus |
|
Rubella findings |
fever, lympadenopathy, arthralgias. mild in children, but serious congenital disease) |
|
congenital rubella findings |
# malformations of the heart (especially patent ductus arteriosus), eyes or brain |
|
# malformations of the heart (especially patent ductus arteriosus), eyes or brain |
congenital rubella findings |
|
"lots of spots" |
rubella |
|
TORCHES infection findings |
"clasic triad" of chorioretinitis, intracranial calcifications (ring enhanced lesions) and hydrocephalus |
|
TORCHES infection findings |
deafness, cataracts, PDA/pulmonary artery stenosis, retardation |
|
TORCHES infection findings |
petechial rash, intracranial calcifications, mental retardation, hepatosplenomgaly, jaundice. 90% are asymptomatic at birth |
|
TORCHES infection findings |
hepatosplenomgaly, neurologic problems, and frequent infections |
|
TORCHES infection findings |
encephalitis, conjunctivitis, vesicular skin lesions |
|
TORCHES infection findings |
cutaneous lesions, hepatosplenomgaly, jaundice, saddle nose, saber shins, hutchinson teeth, CNVIII deafness, |
|
hutchinson teeth |
teeth that are smaller and more widely spaced than normal and which have notches on their biting surfaces. a sign of congenital syphilis |
|
teeth that are smaller and more widely spaced than normal and which have notches on their biting surfaces. |
hutchinson teeth-a sign of congenital syphilis |
|
"clasic triad" of chorioretinitis, intracranial calcifications (ring enhanced lesions) and hydrocephalus |
TORCHES infection findings |
|
TORCHES infection findings |
rubella |
|
TORCHES infection findings |
CMV |
|
TORCHES infection findings |
HIV |
|
TORCHES infection findings |
HSV2 |
|
TORCHES infection findings |
hutchinson teeth |
|
Top three causes of pneumonia in |
-Viruses (RSV) |
|
Top three causes of pneumonia in |
-Mycoplasma |
|
Top three causes of pneumonia in |
-S. pneumoniae |
|
Top three causes of pneumonia in |
-S. pneumoniae |
|
What age group has this pneumonia pattern |
Children (6 wks–18 yr) |
|
What age group has this pneumonia pattern |
Adults (18–40 yr) |
|
What age group has this pneumonia pattern |
Adults (40–65 yr) |
|
What age group has this pneumonia pattern |
Elderly >65 |
|
Top three causes of meningitis in |
-Group B streptococci |
|
Top three causes of meningitis in |
-Streptococcus pneumoniae |
|
Top three causes of meningitis in |
-N. meningitidis |
|
Top three causes of meningitis in |
-S. pneumoniae |
|
What age group gets this pattern of meningitis |
Newborn (0–6 mos) |
|
What age group gets this pattern of meningitis |
Children (6 mos–6 yrs) |
|
What age group gets this pattern of meningitis |
6–60 yrs |
|
What age group gets this pattern of meningitis |
60 yrs + |
|
UTI bugs |
SSEEK PP. |
|
Name the Gram + Rods |
Anaerobes |
|
Name the Gram + Rods |
-Cornybacterium |
|
Name the Gram - Rods |
Yersinia / Haemophilus / vibrio / Helicobacter / Pseudomonas / Campylobacter / Bordatella / Bacteriodes fragilis (the only anaerobe) / Brucella / Legionella / Pasturella / Klebsiella / Shigella / E. coli / Salmonella / Francesella |
|
Name the Gram + Cocci |
Strep |
|
Name the Gram - Cocci |
Nissera |
|
Name the Gram + Rods |
Anaerobes |
|
Name the Gram + Rods |
-Cornybacterium |
|
Name the Gram - Rods |
Yersinia / Haemophilus / vibrio / Helicobacter / Pseudomonas / Campylobacter / Bordatella / Bacteriodes fragilis (the only anaerobe) / Brucella / Legionella / Pasturella / Klebsiella / Shigella / E. coli / Salmonella / Francesella |
|
Name the Gram + Cocci |
Strep |
|
Name the Gram - Cocci |
Nissera |
|
Penicillin |
-gram-positive cocci, |
|
Penicillin |
Hypersensitivity reactions, hemolytic anemia. |
|
penicillinase-resistant penicillins |
Methicillin, nafcillin, dicloxacillin |
|
Methicillin, nafcillin, dicloxacillin (penicillinase-resistant penicillins) |
Same as penicillin |
|
Methicillin, nafcillin, dicloxacillin (penicillinase-resistant penicillins) |
S. aureus (except MRSA; resistant because of altered penicillin-binding protein target site). |
|
Methicillin, nafcillin, dicloxacillin (penicillinase-resistant penicillins) |
Hypersensitivity reactions; methicillin––interstitial nephritis. |
|
aminopenicillins |
Ampicillin, amoxicillin |
|
Ampicillin, amoxicillin (aminopenicillins) |
Same as penicillin. Wider spectrum; penicillinase |
|
Ampicillin, amoxicillin (aminopenicillins) |
Extended-spectrum penicillin––certain gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative rods "HELPS" (Haemophilus influenzae, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella, enterococci). |
|
Ampicillin, amoxicillin (aminopenicillins) |
Hypersensitivity reactions; ampicillin rash; |
|
combine with clavulanic acid |
Ampicillin, amoxicillin (aminopenicillins) |
|
Ampicillin, amoxicillin (aminopenicillins) |
combine with clavulanic acid |
|
penicillin forms |
Penicillin G (IV form), penicillin V (oral) |
|
aminopenicillins |
Ampicillin, amoxicillin |
|
Ampicillin, amoxicillin |
aminopenicillins |
|
anti-pseudomonals |
TCP: Takes Care of |
|
Ticarcillin, carbenicillin, piperacillin |
TCP: Takes Care of |
|
use with clavulanic acid. |
Ticarcillin, carbenicillin, piperacillin (anti-pseudomonals) |
|
Ticarcillin, carbenicillin, piperacillin (anti-pseudomonals) |
clavulanic acid (penicillinase inhibitor) to enhance spectrum. |
|
Ticarcillin, carbenicillin, piperacillin |
Same as penicillin. Extended spectrum. |
|
Ticarcillin, carbenicillin, piperacillin |
Pseudomonas spp. and gram-negative rods; |
|
Ticarcillin, carbenicillin, piperacillin |
Hypersensitivity reactions. |
|
β-lactam drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis but are |
Cephalosporins |
|
Cephalosporins |
β-lactam drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis but are |
|
1st generation Cephalosporins |
PEcK. |
|
2nd generation Cephalosporins |
HEN PEcKS. |
|
3rd generation Cephalosporins |
serious gram-negative infections resistant to other |
|
4th generation Cephalosporins |
↑ activity against Pseudomonas and gram-positive organisms. |
|
Cephalosporins |
Hypersensitivity reactions. Cross-hypersensitivity with |
|
which Cephalosporins |
with a methylthiotetrazole group, e.g., cefamandole |
|
1st generation Cephalosporins |
1st generation...All cephalosporin sounds like CEF except 1st generation in 1st generation there is PH rather CEF like..->CePHalothin ,CePHaprin, CePHradine, CePHalexin |
|
2nd generation Cephalosporins |
FOXes have FACe FUR |
|
3rd generation Cephalosporins |
TRI to TAX TAZ |
|
4th generation Cephalosporins |
Cefepime is the only one |
|
what generation Cephalosporin is |
1st generation |
|
what generation Cephalosporin is |
1st generation |
|
what generation Cephalosporin is |
2nd generation |
|
what generation Cephalosporin is |
2nd generation |
|
what generation Cephalosporin is |
2nd generation |
|
what generation Cephalosporin is |
3rd generation |
|
what generation Cephalosporin is |
3rd generation |
|
what generation Cephalosporin is |
3rd generation |
|
what generation Cephalosporin is |
4th generation |
|
Aztreonam |
A monobactam resistant to β-lactamases. Inhibits cell wall synthesis (binds to PBP3). Synergistic with aminoglycosides. No cross-allergenicity with penicillins. |
|
Aztreonam |
Gram-negative rods––Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Serratia spp. No activity against |
|
Aztreonam |
Usually nontoxic; occasional GI upset. |
|
Synergistic with aminoglycosides. No cross-allergenicity with penicillins. |
Aztreonam |
|
Gram-negative rods––Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Serratia spp. No activity against |
Aztreonam |
|
Imipenem/cilastatin, meropenem |
Imipenem is a broad-spectrum, β-lactamase-resistant |
|
Imipenem/cilastatin, meropenem |
Gram-positive cocci, gram-negative rods, and |
|
Imipenem/cilastatin, meropenem |
GI distress, skin rash, and CNS toxicity (seizures) at high plasma levels. |
|
Always administered with cilastatin |
Imipenem |
|
Imipenem Always administered with what and why |
Always administered with cilastatin (inhibitor of renal dihydropeptidase I) to ↓ |
|
Drug of choice for Enterobacter. |
Imipenem/cilastatin, meropenem |
|
Vancomycin |
Inhibits cell wall mucopeptide formation by binding D-ala D-ala portion of cell wall precursors. Bactericidal. Resistance occurs with amino acid change of D-ala D-ala to |
|
Vancomycin |
Used for serious, gram-positive multidrug-resistant organisms, including S. aureus and Clostridium difficile (pseudomembranous colitis). |
|
Vancomycin |
Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Thrombophlebitis, diffuse flushing––“red man syndrome” |
|
Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Thrombophlebitis, diffuse flushing |
“red man syndrome” Vancomycin |
|
Inhibits cell wall mucopeptide formation by binding D-ala D-ala portion of cell wall precursors. Bactericidal. Resistance occurs with amino acid change of D-ala D-ala to |
Vancomycin |
|
30S inhibitors: |
A = Aminoglycosides [bactericidal] |
|
50S inhibitors: |
C = Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin |
|
Aminoglycosides |
Gentamicin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin. |
|
Aminoglycosides |
Bactericidal; inhibit formation of initiation complex and cause misreading of mRNA. Require O2 for |
|
Aminoglycosides |
Severe gram-negative rod infections. Synergistic with |
|
Aminoglycosides |
Nephrotoxicity (especially when used with cephalosporins ,Ototoxicity (especially when |
|
Severe gram-negative rod infections. Synergistic with |
Aminoglycosides |
|
Bactericidal; inhibit formation of initiation complex |
Aminoglycosides |
|
Gentamicin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin. |
Aminoglycosides |
|
Tetracyclines |
-CYCLINE |
|
Tetracyclines |
bind to 30S and prevent attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA; limited CNS penetration. |
|
Tetracyclines |
VACUUM THe BedRoom. |
|
Tetracyclines |
GI distress, discoloration of teeth and inhibition of |
|
bind to 30S and prevent attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA; limited CNS penetration. |
Tetracyclines |
|
Tetracyclines |
-Doxycycline is fecally eliminated and can be used |
|
Must NOT take with milk, antacids, or iron-containing |
Tetracyclines |
|
GI distress, discoloration of teeth and inhibition of |
Tetracyclines |
|
Macrolides |
Erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin. |
|
Macrolides |
Inhibit protein synthesis by blocking translocation; bind to the 23S rRNA of the 50S |
|
Macrolides |
URIs, pneumonias, STDs––gram-positive cocci (streptococcal infections in patients |
|
Macrolides |
GI discomfort (most common cause of noncompliance), acute cholestatic hepatitis, |
|
eosinophilia, skin rashes. Increases serum concentration of theophyllines, oral |
Macrolides |
|
Inhibit protein synthesis by blocking translocation; bind to the 23S rRNA of the 50S |
Macrolides |
|
Clindamycin |
Blocks peptide bond formation at 50S ribosomal subunit. |
|
Clindamycin |
Treats anaerobes above the |
|
Clindamycin |
Pseudomembranous colitis (C. difficile overgrowth), |
|
Sulfonamides |
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfisoxazole, triple sulfas, sulfadiazine. |
|
Sulfonamides |
PABA antimetabolites inhibit dihydropteroate synthase. |
|
Sulfonamides |
Gram-positive, gram-negative, Nocardia, Chlamydia. Triple sulfas or SMX for simple UTI. |
|
Sulfonamides |
Hypersensitivity reactions, hemolysis if G6PD deficient, nephrotoxicity (TIN), kernicterus in infants, displace other drugs from albumin (e.g., warfarin). |
|
Hypersensitivity reactions, hemolysis if G6PD deficient, nephrotoxicity (TIN), kernicterus in infants, displace other drugs from albumin (e.g., warfarin). |
Sulfonamides |
|
Trimethoprim |
Inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. |
|
Trimethoprim |
Combination TMP-SMX used for recurrent UTIs, Shigella,Salmonella, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. |
|
Trimethoprim |
Trimethoprim = TMP: |
|
Why TMP with SMX |
synergy |
|
Trimethoprim |
Megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia. |
|
Fluoroquinolones |
-Floxacin (fluoroquinolones) |
|
Fluoroquinolones |
Inhibit DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) |
|
Fluoroquinolones |
Gram-negative rods of urinary and GI tracts (including Pseudomonas), Neisseria, |
|
Fluoroquinolones |
GI upset, superinfections, skin rashes, headache, |
|
GI upset, superinfections, skin rashes, headache, |
Fluoroquinolones |
|
Inhibit DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) |
Fluoroquinolones |
|
Metronidazole |
Forms toxic metabolites in the bacterial cell. |
|
Metronidazole |
GET GAP on the Metro! |
|
Metronidazole |
Disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol; headache, metallic taste. |
|
Disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol; headache, metallic taste. |
Metronidazole |
|
Polymyxins |
Polymyxin B, polymyxin E. |
|
Polymyxins |
’MYXins MIX up membranes. |
|
Polymyxins |
Resistant gram-negative infections. |
|
Polymyxins |
Neurotoxicity, acute renal tubular necrosis. |
|
Anti-TB drugs |
INH-SPiRE (inspire). 2C |
|
Isoniazid aka |
INH |
|
INH aka |
Isoniazid |
|
Isoniazid (INH) |
↓ synthesis of mycolic acids. |
|
Isoniazid (INH) |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The only agent used as solo prophylaxis against TB. |
|
Isoniazid (INH) |
"INH Injures Neurons and |
|
Isoniazid (INH) |
Different INH half-lives in fast |
|
Rifampin |
Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. |
|
Rifampin |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis; delays resistance to |
|
Rifampin |
Minor hepatotoxicity and drug interactions (↑ P-450). |
|
Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. |
Rifampin |
|
↓ synthesis of mycolic acids. |
Isoniazid (INH) |
|
Minor hepatotoxicity and drug interactions (↑ P-450). |
Rifampin |
|
Rifampin mnemonic |
Rifampin’s 4 R’s: |
|
Resistance mechanisms for various antibiotics |
β-lactamase cleavage of β-lactam ring |
|
Resistance mechanisms for various antibiotics |
Penicillins/ |
|
Resistance mechanisms for various antibiotics |
Modification via acetylation, adenylation, or phosphorylation |
|
Resistance mechanisms for various antibiotics |
Aminoglycosides |
|
Resistance mechanisms for various antibiotics |
Terminal D-ala of cell wall component replaced with D-lac; ↓ affinity. |
|
Resistance mechanisms for various antibiotics |
Vancomycin |
|
Resistance mechanisms for various antibiotics |
Modification via acetylation |
|
Resistance mechanisms for various antibiotics |
Methylation of rRNA near erythromycin’s ribosome-binding site |
|
Resistance mechanisms for various antibiotics |
Macrolides |
|
Resistance mechanisms for various antibiotics |
Tetracycline |
|
Resistance mechanisms for various antibiotics |
↓ uptake or ↑ transport out of cell |
|
Resistance mechanisms for various antibiotics |
Altered enzyme (bacterial dihydropteroate synthetase), ↓ uptake, or ↑ PABA synthesis |
|
Resistance mechanisms for various antibiotics |
Sulfonamides |
|
Nonsurgical antimicrobial prophylaxis |
Rifampin (drug of choice), minocycline. |
|
Nonsurgical antimicrobial prophylaxis |
Meningococcal infection |
|
Nonsurgical antimicrobial prophylaxis |
Ceftriaxone. |
|
Nonsurgical antimicrobial prophylaxis |
Gonorrhea |
|
Nonsurgical antimicrobial prophylaxis |
Syphilis (Benzathine penicillin G) |
|
Nonsurgical antimicrobial prophylaxis |
Benzathine penicillin G. |
|
Nonsurgical antimicrobial prophylaxis |
-History of recurrent UTIs |
|
Nonsurgical antimicrobial prophylaxis |
TMP-SMX. |
|
Nonsurgical antimicrobial prophylaxis |
TMP-SMX (DOC) , aerosolized pentamidine. |
|
Nonsurgical antimicrobial prophylaxis |
Penicillins. |
|
Amphotericin B |
Amphotericin “tears” holes in |
|
Amphotericin B |
Used for wide spectrum of systemic mycoses. |
|
Amphotericin B |
Fever/chills (“shake and bake”), hypotension, nephrotoxicity, arrhythmias, anemia, IV phlebitis |
|
Nystatin |
Binds to ergosterol, disrupting fungal membranes |
|
Nystatin |
Too toxic for systemic use. |
|
Binds to ergosterol, disrupting fungal membranes. Too toxic for systemic use. |
Nystatin |
|
-AZOLES |
Inhibit fungal steroid (ergosterol) synthesis. by blocking the final step from Lanosterol to ergosterol |
|
-AZOLES |
Systemic mycoses. Fluconazole for cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS patients and candidal |
|
-AZOLES |
Hormone synthesis inhibition (gynecomastia), liver dysfunction (inhibits cytochrome |
|
Inhibit fungal steroid (ergosterol) synthesis. by blocking the final step from Lanosterol to ergosterol |
-AZOLES |
|
Flucytosine |
Inhibits DNA synthesis by conversion to fluorouracil, which competes with uracil. |
|
Flucytosine |
Used in systemic fungal infections (e.g., Candida, Cryptococcus). |
|
Flucytosine |
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bone marrow suppression. |
|
Terbinafine |
Inhibits the fungal enzyme squalene epoxidase. by blocking the initial step from squaline to Lanosterol (in ergesterol synthesis) |
|
Terbinafine |
Used to treat dermatophytoses (especially onychomycosis). |
|
Inhibits the fungal enzyme squalene epoxidase. by blocking the initial step from squaline to Lanosterol (in ergesterol synthesis) |
Terbinafine |
|
Caspofungin |
Inhibits cell wall synthesis. |
|
Caspofungin |
Invasive aspergillosis. |
|
Caspofungin |
GI upset, flushing. |
|
Tx for Invasive aspergillosis. |
Caspofungin |
|
Griseofulvin |
Interferes with microtubule function; disrupts mitosis. Deposits in keratin-containing |
|
Griseofulvin |
Oral treatment of superficial infections; inhibits growth of dermatophytes (tinea, |
|
Griseofulvin |
Teratogenic, carcinogenic, confusion, headaches, ↑ P-450 and warfarin metabolism. |
|
antifunfal that is Teratogenic, carcinogenic, confusion, headaches, ↑ P-450 and warfarin metabolism. |
Griseofulvin |
|
Oral treatment of superficial infections; inhibits growth of dermatophytes (tinea, |
Griseofulvin |
|
Interferes with microtubule function; disrupts mitosis. Deposits in keratin-containing tissues |
Griseofulvin |
|
Amantadine |
“A man to dine” takes off his |
|
Amantadine |
Prophylaxis and treatment for influenza A and rubellA; Parkinson’s disease. |
|
Amantadine |
Ataxia, dizziness, slurred speech. |
|
Amantadine |
Mutated M2 protein. In 2006, 90% of influenza A were resistant to amantadine. |
|
Amantadine |
Amantadine blocks influenza |
|
Rimantidine |
a derivative of Amantadine with fewer CNS side effects. Does not cross the BBB. |
|
a derivative of Amantadine with fewer CNS side effects. Does not cross the BBB. |
Rimantidine |
|
Zanamivir, oseltamivir |
Inhibit influenza neuraminidase. So release of progeny virus is decreased. |
|
Zanamivir, oseltamivir |
Both influenza A and B. |
|
Blocks viral penetration and uncoating (M2 protein); |
Amantadine |
|
Inhibit influenza neuraminidase |
Zanamivir, oseltamivir |
|
Ribavirin |
Inhibits synthesis of guanine nucleotides by competitively inhibiting IMP dehydrogenase. |
|
Ribavirin |
RSV, chronic hepatitis C. |
|
Ribavirin |
Hemolytic anemia. Severe teratogen. |
|
drug for |
Ribavirin |
|
Inhibits synthesis of guanine nucleotides by competitively inhibiting IMP dehydrogenase. |
Ribavirin |
|
Acyclovir |
Preferentially inhibits viral DNA polymerase when phosphorylated by viral thymidine |
|
Acyclovir |
HSV, VZV, EBV. Mucocutaneous and genital herpes lesions. Prophylaxis in |
|
Acyclovir |
Delirium, tremor, nephrotoxicity. |
|
Acyclovir |
Lack of thymidine kinase. |
|
drug for |
Amantadine |
|
drug for |
Zanamivir, oseltamivir |
|
drug for |
Ganciclovir |
|
Ganciclovir |
Phosphorylation by viral kinase; preferentially inhibits CMV DNA polymerase. |
|
Ganciclovir |
CMV, especially in immunocompromised patients. |
|
Ganciclovir |
Leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, renal toxicity. More toxic to host enzymes |
|
Ganciclovir |
Mutated CMV DNA polymerase or lack of thymidine kinase. |
|
Preferentially inhibits viral DNA polymerase when phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase. |
Acyclovir |
|
Phosphorylation by viral kinase; preferentially inhibits CMV DNA polymerase. |
Ganciclovir |
|
Foscarnet |
FOScarnet = pyroFOSphate |
|
Foscarnet |
CMV retinitis in immunocompromised patients |
|
Foscarnet |
Nephrotoxicity. |
|
Foscarnet |
Mutated DNA polymerase. |
|
drug for |
Foscarnet |
|
drug for |
Foscarnet |
|
HIV therapy |
SaquiNAVIR, ritoNAVIR, indiNAVIR, nelfiNAVIR, ampreNAVIR. |
|
HIV therapy |
Inhibit assembly of new virus by blocking protease |
|
HIV therapy |
GI intolerance (nausea, diarrhea), hyperglycemia, |
|
HIV therapy |
DINE , SINE, and BINE |
|
Zidovudine (AZT), didanosine (ddI), zalcitabine (ddC), |
HIV therapy |
|
SaquiNAVIR, ritoNAVIR, indiNAVIR, nelfiNAVIR, ampreNAVIR. |
HIV therapy |
|
HIV therapy |
Nevirapine, efavirenz, delavirdine. |
|
Nevirapine, efavirenz, delavirdine. |
HIV therapy |
|
HIV therapy |
Preferentially inhibit reverse transcriptase of HIV; |
|
HIV therapy |
Bone marrow suppression (neutropenia, anemia), |
|
HIV therapy |
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) generally entails combination therapy with protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase. |
|
HAART |
protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase |
|
HIV therapy |
AZT |
|
Interferons |
Glycoproteins from human leukocytes that block various stages of viral RNA and DNA |
|
Interferons |
IFN-α––chronic hepatitis B and C, Kaposi’s sarcoma. |
|
Interferons |
Neutropenia. |
|
Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy |
SAFE Moms Take Really Good Care. |
|
Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy problem/cause |
kernicterus |
|
Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy problem/cause |
Sulfonamides |
|
Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy problem/cause |
ototoxicity |
|
Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy problem/cause |
Aminoglycosides |
|
Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy problem/cause |
cartilage damage. |
|
Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy problem/cause |
Fluoroquinolones |
|
Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy problem/cause |
acute cholestatic hepatitis in mom |
|
Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy problem/cause |
Erythromycin |
|
Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy problem/cause |
mutagenesis. |
|
Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy problem/cause |
Metronidazole |
|
Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy problem/cause |
Ribavirin |
|
Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy problem/cause |
discolored teeth, inhibition of bone growth. |
|
Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy problem/cause |
Tetracyclines |
|
Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy problem/cause |
teratogenic. |
|
Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy problem/cause |
teratogenic. |
|
Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy problem/cause |
Chloramphenicol |
|
Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy problem/cause |
“gray baby.” |
|
uses of Antiparasitic drugs |
Onchocerciasis (rIVER blindness treated with IVERmectin). |
|
uses of Antiparasitic drugs |
Trematode/fluke (e.g., schistosomes, Paragonimus, Clonorchis) |
|
uses of Antiparasitic drugs |
Latent hypnozoite (liver) forms of malaria (Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale). |
|
uses of Antiparasitic drugs |
Chagas’ disease, American trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma cruzi ). |
|
uses of Antiparasitic drugs |
African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness). |