2007 Apush Review Terms Chapters 22-32

Front 1

Progressive Era Amendments: 16th, 17th, 18th and 19th Amendments

Back 1

1913 - 16th Amendment authorized Congress to levy an income tax. 1913 - 17th Amendment gave the power to elect senators to the people. Senators had previously been appointed by the legislatures of their states. 1919 - 18th Amendment prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages. 1920 - 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote.

Hint 1

None

Front 2

Alice Paul

Back 2

A suffragette who believed that giving women the right to vote would eliminate the corruption in politics.

Front 3

Anthracite Coal Strike, 1902

Back 3

Large strike by coal miners. TR negotiated a settlement highly favorable to the striking workers. First time federal government sided with workers against management.

Front 4

Anti-Saloon League

Back 4

National organization set up in 1895 to work for prohibition. Later joined with the WCTU to publicize the effects of drinking.

Front 5

Armory Show

Back 5

1913 - The first art show in the U.S., organized by the Ashcan School. Was most Americans first exposure to European Impressionist and Post-Impressionist art, and caused a modernist revolution in American art.

Front 6

Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy

Back 6

Cabinet members who had fought over conservation efforts and how much effort and money should be put into conserving national resources. Pinchot, head of the Forestry Department, accused Ballinger, Secretary of the Interior, of abandoning federal conservation policy. Taft sided with Ballinger and fired Pinchot.

Front 7

Bull Moose Party

Back 7

The Progressive Party, it was Roosevelt's party in the 1912 election. He ran as a Progressive against Republican Taft, beating him but losing to Democrat Woodrow Wilson.

Front 8

Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935), Women and Economics

Back 8

She urged women to work outside the home to gain economic independence. Attacked the traditional role of homemaker for women.

Front 9

City Manager Plan, Commission Plan

Back 9

Legislation designed to break up political machines and replace traditional political management of cities with trained professional urban planners and managers.

Front 10

Clayton Antitrust Act, labor's Magna Carta

Back 10

1914 - Extended the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 to give it more power against trusts and big business. It outlawed practices that had a dangerous likelihood of creating a monopoly, even if no unlawful agreement was involved. It outlawed price discrimination, horizontal mergers, and interlocking directorates, rebates. It prohibited the use of legal injunctions against unions, as well as legalizing peaceful strikes, picketing, and boycotts. It declared that labor was not a commodity.

Hint 10

None

Front 11

Daniel DeLeon, IWW, Wobblies, "Big Bull" Haywood

Back 11

DeLeon denounced populists because they believed in free enterprise. Haywood was the leader of the Wobblies. The International Workers of the World (Wobblies) were a militant, radical union. They favored socialism and opposed free enterprise. They were disliked by big business and less radical unions.

Front 12

Democracy, efficiency, pragmatism

Back 12

Three characteristics that the U.S. felt made them superior to other countries. Many U.S. cities in the 1900 to 1920 instituted modern "scientific" political systems, such as the use of professional city managers, to replace inefficient traditional machine politics. The U.S. tried to spread there ideas abroad.

Front 13

Direct Primary

Back 13

An election where people directly elect their party's candidates for office. Candidates had previously been selected by party caucuses that were considered elitist and undemocratic. This made elected official more accountable to the people.

Front 14

Federal Reserve System

Back 14

The central banking system of the United States, established with passage of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, charged with the responsibility of managing the country's money supply through such means as lowering or raising interest rates. A presidentially appointed board of seven members (the Federal Reserve Board) oversees the twelve regional banks of the Federal Reserve System.

Front 15

Federal Trade Commission, Cease and Desist Orders

Back 15

A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy.

Front 16

Frank Norris (1870-1902), The Octopus

Back 16

A leader of the naturalism movement in literature, he believed that a novel should serve a moral purpose. Wrote The Octopus in 1901 about how railroads controlled the lives of a group of California farmers. A muckraker novel.

Front 17

Henry Demarest Lloyd (1847-1903), Wealth Against Commonwealth

Back 17

American writer, he won fame for revealing illegal business practices in the U.S. in the late 1800's. Said many corporations put their interest above the good of the workers. Muckraker expose.

Hint 17

None

Front 18

Hepburn Act, 1906

Back 18

It imposed stricter control over railroads and expanded powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission, including giving the ICC the power to set maximum rates.

Front 19

Ida Tarbell (1857-1944), History of the Standard Oil Company

Back 19

This 1904 book exposed the monopolistic practices of the Standard Oil Company. Strengthened the movement for outlawing monopolies. A muckraker expose.

Hint 19

None

Front 20

Income tax

Back 20

The first step toward building government revenues and redistributing wealth, a tax that was levied on annual income over a specific amount and with certain legally permitted deductions.

Front 21

Initiative, referendum, recall

Back 21

Initiative: people have the right to propose a new law. Referendum: a law passed by the legislature can be reference to the people for approval/veto. Recall: the people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office. These all made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific.

Front 22

Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives

Back 22

Early 1900's writer and photographer whose spontaneous flash photographs exposed the misery, poverty, and wretched work conditions of poor, working Americans, many immigrants.

Hint 22

None

Front 23

John Dewey (1859-1952):

Back 23

American philosopher and educator, he led the philosophical movement called Pragmatism. Influenced by evolution, he believed that only reason and knowledge could be used to solve problems. Wanted educational reforms. the school and society, "progressive education", "learning by doing"

Front 24

Lincoln Steffens (1866-1936), The Shame of the Cities

Back 24

Steffens traveled the YS to expose the shameful corruption in many big US cities governed by political machines and "bosses".

Hint 24

None

Front 25

Louis Brandeis (1856-1941), "Brandeis Brief"

Back 25

A lawyer and jurist, he created the "Brandeis Brief," based more on the latest social science research to establish the need for reform rather than legal precedents to establish the rights of the case. Argued for the public's need for government protection from corporate injustice. Wilson appointed him the first Jew on the Supreme Court. The university in Boston is named after him.

Hint 25

None

Front 26

Margaret Sanger (1883-1966)

Back 26

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Front 27

Meat Inspection Act

Back 27

1906 - After the publics shock at Upton Sinclair's exposure of unhealthy conditions in his muckraking novel, The Jungle, Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

Hint 27

None

Front 28

Muckrakers

Back 28

Investigative journalists during the Progressive Era, they wrote sensational exposes of social and political problems that helped spark the reform movements of their day.

Front 29

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Back 29

Organization established in 1909 to fight for African-American civil rights through legal action.

Front 30

Northern Securities Company case

Back 30

After TR's antitrust case against JP Morgan's RR, the Supreme Court ordered this company to dissolve because it was a trust in violation of the Sherman Act.

Hint 30

None

Front 31

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

Back 31

A famous justice of the Supreme Court during the early 1900s. Called the "Great Dissenter" because he spoke out against the imposition of national regulations and standards, and supported the states' rights to experiment with social legislation.

Front 32

Payne-Aldrich Tariff, 1909

Back 32

With the fear of foreign competition gone, it lowered rates to 38%. Democrats felt it did not go far enough and passed the Underwood Tariff in 1913 to further lower taxes.

Front 33

Pragmatism

Back 33

A distinctly American philosophy proposed by William James, it contends that any concept should be tested and its validity determined by its outcome and that the truth of an idea is found in the conduct it dictates or inspires.

Front 34

Progressive (Bull Moose) Party

Back 34

A political party established in 1912 by supporters of Theodore Roosevelt after William H. Taft won the Republican presidential nomination. The party proposed a broad program of reform but Bull Moose candidate Roosevelt and Republican nominee lost to the Democratic candidate, Woodrow Wilson.

Front 35

Pure Food and Drug Act

Back 35

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Front 36

Reform Darwinists

Back 36

Sociologists who rejected the determinism of the Social Darwinists, they accepted evolutionary theory but held that people could shape their environment rather than only be shaped by it and accepted human intervention in society.

Front 37

Robert M. LaFollette (1855-1925)

Back 37

A great debater and political leader who believed in libertarian reforms, he was a major leader of the Progressive movement from Wisconsin.

Front 38

Rule of Reason: Standard Oil case, American Tobacco case

Back 38

1911 - Supreme Court allowed restrictions on competition through the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.

Front 39

Scientific Management, Frederick W. Taylor

Back 39

1911 - Increased industrial output by rationalizing and refining the production process.

Front 40

Secret ballot / Australian ballot

Back 40

First used in Australia in the 1880s. All candidates names were to be printed on the same white piece of paper at the government's expense and polling was to be done in private. It was opposed by the party machines, who wanted to be able to pressure people into voting for their candidates, but it was implemented and is still in use.

Front 41

Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925)

Back 41

Served as Secretary of State under Wilson from 1913-1915, he resigned in protest of U.S. involvement in WW I.

Front 42

Social Gospel

Back 42

A movement among Christian theologians, it applied Christian doctrines to social problems and advocated creating living conditions conducive to saving souls by tackling the problems of the poor.

Front 43

Square Deal

Back 43

Roosevelt used this term to declare that he would use his powers as president to safeguard the rights of the workers.

Front 44

Taft-Roosevelt split

Back 44

They split over ideology. Roosevelt believed in breaking up "bad" trusts while allowing "good" trusts to continue. Taft opposed all trusts. Roosevelt wanted more involvement in foreign affairs, and Taft was an isolationist. Roosevelt ran against Taft in 1912.

Front 45

Theodore Roosevelt, New Nationalism

Back 45

A system win which government authority would be balanced and coordinate economic activity. Government would regulate business.

Front 46

Thorstien Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class

Back 46

An economist, he believed that society was always evolving, but not that the wealthiest members of society were the "fittest." Attacked the behavior of the wealthy. Muckraker novel.

Front 47

Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire

Back 47

A fire in New York's Triangle Shirtwaist Company in 1911 killed 146 people, mostly women. They died because the doors were locked and the windows were too high for them to get to the ground. Dramatized the poor working conditions and let to federal regulations to protect workers.

Front 48

Trustbuster

Back 48

Nicknamed for Teddy Roosevelt, this is a federal official who seeks to dissolve monopolistic trusts through vigorous enforcement of antitrust laws.

Front 49

Underwood-Simmons Tariff

Back 49

October 13, 1913 - Wilson and the Democrats lowered tariffs on hundreds of items that could be produced more cheaply in the U.S. than abroad. This was the first major tariff reduction in US history.

Front 50

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

Back 50

The author who wrote a socialistic book about the horrors of food productions in 1906, the bad quality of meat and the dangerous working conditions. Public outcry following the book led to the Pure Food & Frug Act and the Meat Inspections bills of TR's term.

Front 51

Wisconsin, "Laboratory of Democracy"

Back 51

Wisconsin was called the "Laboratory of Democracy" because many of the reform ideas of the Progressive era came out of Wisconsin, specifically from Robert M. LaFollette.

Front 52

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Back 52

A group of women who advocated total abstinence from alcohol and who worked to get laws passed against alcohol.

Front 53

Woodrow Wilson, New Freedom

Back 53

He believed that monopolies had to be broken up and that the government must regulate business. He believed in competition, and called his economic plan "New Freedom."

Front 54

Workmen's Compensation Laws

Back 54

Legislation establishing mandatory insurance to be carried by employers to cover on-the-job injuries to their workers, it was a reform that provided protection to workers while also lowering the risk to employers.

Front 55

AEF

Back 55

American Expeditionary Force was the first American ground troops to reach the European front. Commanded by Pershing, they began arriving in France in the summer of 1971.

Front 56

Aims of Allies and U.S. at Peace Conference

Back 56

Allies wanted Germany to pay reparation for costs of war. Wilson brought 14 points, but only one was accomplished. The harsh punishment sent Germany into a depression and aided the rise of Hitler.

Front 57

Article 10 (Article X) of the Versailles Treaty

Back 57

Created the League of Nations.

Front 58

Big Four: Wilson, George, Clemenceau, Orlando

Back 58

Leaders of the four most influential countries after World War I - U.S., Britain, France and Italy, respectively.

Front 59

Big Stick Diplomacy

Back 59

The proclaimed foreign policy of Theodore Roosevelt, it was based on the proverb, "Speak softly and carry a big stick," and advocated the threat of force to achieve the United States' goals, especially in the Western Hemisphere.

Front 60

Black migration to northern cities

Back 60

During WWI, southern Blacks began to move north, where there were more jobs and less racism. The increased number of Blacks led to a White backlash and conditions like Southern racism.

Front 61

British blockade

Back 61

Declared a loose, ineffectual and hence illegal blockade, it defined a broad list of contraband which was not to be shipped to Germany by neutral countries.

Front 62

Central Powers

Back 62

In World War I, Germany and Austria-Hungary and their allies.

Front 63

Collective Security

Back 63

An Article 10 provision of the League charter, it stated that if one country was involved in a confrontation, other nations would support it. Collective security is agreements between countries for mutual defense and to discourage aggression.

Front 64

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

Back 64

U.S. propaganda agency of World War I.

Front 65

Dollar Diplomacy

Back 65

Taft and Knox cam up with it to further foreign policy in the U.S. in 1909-1913 under the Roosevelt Corollary. It was meant to avoid military intervention by giving foreign countries monetary aid.

Front 66

Espionage Act, 1917; Sedition Act, 1918

Back 66

Brought forth under the Wilson administration, they stated that any treacherous act or draft dodging was forbidden, outlawed disgracing the government, the Constitution, or military uniforms, and forbade aiding the enemy.

Front 67

Eugene V. Debs imprisoned

Back 67

Debs repeatedly ran for president as a socialist, he was imprisoned after he gave a speech protesting WWI in violation of the Sedition Act.

Front 68

Fourteen Points

Back 68

Wilson's idea that he wanted included in the WWI peace treaty, including freedom of the seas and the League of Nations.

Front 69

Gentlemen's Agreement

Back 69

In 1907 Theodore Roosevelt arranged with Japan that Japan would voluntarily restrict the emigration of its nationals to the U.S.

Front 70

Great White Fleet

Back 70

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Front 71

Irreconcilables: Borah, Johnson, LaFollette

Back 71

Some Senators would have been willing to support the League of Nations if certain reservations were made to the treaty. The "Irreconcilables" voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations.

Front 72

League of Nations

Back 72

Devised by President Wilson, it reflected the power of large countries. Although comprised of delegates from every country, it was designed to be run by a council of the five largest countries. It also included a provision for a world court.

Front 73

Liberty Bond drives

Back 73

Campaigns to get people to but government war bonds to finance the war, people traveled around America selling them and it was extremely successful in raising funds.

Front 74

Lusitania

Back 74

British ship carrying American passengers sunk by a German submarine on May 15, 1915.

Front 75

Make the world safe for democracy

Back 75

Wilson gave this as a reason for U.S. involvement in WWI.

Front 76

Mexican Revolution, Diaz, Huerta, Carranza

Back 76

Diaz was ruler of Mexico for 34 years, and caused much terror and bloodshed. Many people fled to the U.S. to plan a revolution. Huerta, in 1913, overthrew Diaz as dictator and had him murdered. Carranza was the leader of the forces against Huerta. The Mexican Revolution was an unstable situation that led to distrust between the U.S. and Mexico.

Front 77

New Nations, self determination

Back 77

After WW I, Germany, Eastern Europe and the western portion of the former Russian Empire split into new countries. Wilson wanted them to have their own governments.

Front 78

Nineteenth Amendment

Back 78

Passed in 1920, the Constitutional guarantee of women's right to vote.

Front 79

Panama Canal

Back 79

Built during TR's term to make passage between Atlantic and Pacific oceans easier and faster.

Front 80

Pancho Villa, General Pershing

Back 80

1916 - Villa attacked Columbus, New Mexico and Pershing was directed to follow him into Mexico. Pershing met with resistance and eventually left without finding Pancho Villa.

Front 81

Red Scare, Palmer raids

Back 81

In 1919, the Communist Party was gaining strength in the U.S., and Americans feared Communism. In January, 1920, Palmer raids in 33 cities broke into meeting halls and homes without warrants. 4,000 "Communists" were jailed, some were deported.

Front 82

Reparations

Back 82

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.

Front 83

Roosevelt Corollary

Back 83

U.S. would act as international policemen in the Western hemisphere. An addition to the Monroe Doctrine.

Front 84

Roosevelt's Big Stick Diplomacy

Back 84

Roosevelt said, "walk softly and carry a big stick." In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen. It was his foreign policy in Latin America.

Front 85

Russian Revolutions, 1917, March and Bolshevik

Back 85

After years of oppression, the peasants rebelled against the czars. The first government was democratic and weak, so another revolution overthrew that government and instituted a Communist government lead by the Bolshevik party under Lenin. Lenin pulled Russia out of WWI (The Germans may have aided his rise to power so they would not have to fight on two fronts).

Front 86

Selective service 1917

Back 86

- Stated that all men between the ages of 20 and 45 had to be registered for possible military service. Used in case draft became necessary.

Front 87

Senate rejection, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, reservations

Back 87

Lodge was against the League of Nations, so he packed the foreign relations committee with critics and was successful in convincing the Senate to reject the treaty.

Front 88

Strikes: 1919, coal, steel, police

Back 88

In September, 1919, Boston police went on strike, then 350,000 steel workers went on strike. This badly damaged the unions.

Front 89

Treaty of Versailles

Back 89

The treaty that ended World War I.

Front 90

Unrestricted submarine warfare

Back 90

This was the German practice of attacking any and all shipping to countries it was at war with. It annoyed neutral countries.

Front 91

Virgin Islands Purchased

Back 91

1917 - U.S. bought them from Denmark and built a naval base to protect the Panama Canal and to prevent Germany's seizure of islands during WWI.

Front 92

War Industries Board

Back 92

The most powerful agency of the war, it had to satisfy the allied needs for goods and direct American industries in what to produce.

Front 93

Zimmerman note

Back 93

1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. Ithe Germans promised Mexico the return of New Mexico and California if they were successful in distracting the US from fighting in Europe. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile.

Front 94

Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey

Back 94

1920's sports heroes, Ruth set the baseball record of 60 home runs in one season and Dempsey was the heavyweight boxing champion.

Front 95

Billy Sunday (1863-1935)

Back 95

Baseball player and preacher, his baseball background helped him become the most popular evangelist minister of the time. Part of the Fundamentalist revival of the 1920's.

Front 96

Black Tuesday

Back 96

October 29,1929, the day of the stock market crash that initiated the Great Depression.

Front 97

Bonus Army

Back 97

1932 - Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there.

Front 98

Charles Lindbergh (1902-1974), Spirit of St. Louis

Back 98

Lindbergh flew his airplane, the Spirit of St. Louis, across the Atlantic in the first transatlantic solo flight.

Front 99

Dawes Plan, Young Plan

Back 99

Post-WW I depression in Germany left it unable to pay reparation and Germany defaulted on its payments in 1923. In 1924, U.S. Vice President Charles Dawes formulated a plan to allow Germany to make its reparation payments in annual installments. This plan was renegotiated and modified in 1929 by U.S. financier Owen Young.

Front 100

Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms

Back 100

He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954 and the Pulitzer Prize in 1952. A Farewell to Arms was written in 1929 and told the story of a love affair between an American ambulance driver and a British nurse in Italy during WW I.

Front 101

F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby

Back 101

Most critics regard this as his finest work. Written in 1925, it tells of an idealist who is gradually destroyed by the influence of the wealthy, pleasure-seeking people around him.

Front 102

Five Powers Treaty, Four Powers Treaty, Nine Powers Treaty

Back 102

Five Powers Treaty: Signed as part of the Washington Naval Conference, U.S., Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy set a ten year suspension of construction of large ships and set quotas for the number of ships each country could build. Four Powers Treaty: U.S., Japan, Britain, and France agreed to respect each others possessions in the Pacific. Nine Powers Treaty: Reaffirmed the Open Door Policy in China.

Front 103

Flapper

Back 103

Term for a liberated woman who bucked conventional ideas of propriety in dress and manners during the 1920s.

Front 104

Fundamentalists

Back 104

Broad movement in Protestantism in the U.S. which tried to preserve what it considered the basic ideas of Christianity against criticism by liberal theologies. It stressed the literal truths of the Bible and creation.

Front 105

Harding scandals: Teapot Dome

Back 105

1929 - The Naval strategic oil reserve at Elk Hills, also known as "Teapot Dome" was taken out of the Navy's control and placed in the hands of the Department of the Interior, which leased the land to oil companies. Several Cabinet members received huge payments as bribes. Due to the investigation, Daugherty, Denky, and Fall were forced to resign.

Front 106

Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes (1902-1967)

Back 106

Hughes was a gifted writer who wrote humorous poems, stories, essays and poetry. Harlem was a center for black writers, musicians, and intellectuals.

Front 107

Henry Ford, the Model T, Alfred P. Sloan

Back 107

1913 - Ford developed the mass-produced Model-T car, which sold at an affordable price. It pioneered the use of the assembly line. Also greatly increased his workers wages and instituted many modern concepts of regular work hours and job benefits. Sloan, an American industrialist, helped found project.

Front 108

Henry L. Mencken, editor of the magazine, The American Mercury

Back 108

In 1924, founded The American Mercury, which featured works by new writers and much of Mencken's criticism on American taste, culture, and language. He attacked the shallowness and conceit of the American middle class.

Front 109

Hooverville

Back 109

Name given to the makeshift shanty towns built in vacant lots during the Depression.

Front 110

Immigration Acts, 1921, 1924, Quota System

Back 110

1921 - First legislation passed which restricted the number of immigrants. Quota was 357,800, which let in only 2% of the number of people of that nationality that were allowed in 1890. 1924 - Limited the number of immigrants to 150,000 per year.

Front 111

Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928

Back 111

Pact of Paris or "Treaty for the Renunciation of War," it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless.

Front 112

Ku Klux Klan in the 1920's

Back 112

Based on the post-Civil War terrorist organization, the Invisible Empire of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan was founded in Georgia in 1915 by William Simmons to fight the growing "influence" of blacks, Jews and Catholics in US society. It experienced phenomenal growth in the 1920's, especially in the Midwest and Ohio Valley states. It's peak membership came in 1924 at 3 million members, but its reputation for violence led to rapid decline by 1929.

Front 113

Marcus Garvey (1887-1940), Universal Negro Improvement Association

Back 113

Black leader who advocated "black nationalism," and financial independence for Blacks, he started the "Back to Africa" movement. He believed Blacks would not get justice in mostly white nations.

Front 114

Normalcy

Back 114

Harding wanted a return to "normalcy" - the way life was before WW I.

Front 115

Prohibition, Volstead Act, Al Capone

Back 115

Prohibition - 1919: the 18th Amendment outlawed the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors. Volstead Act - 1919: Defined what drinks constituted "intoxicating liquors" under the 18th Amendment, and set penalties for violations of prohibition. Al Capone: In Chicago, he was one of the most famous leaders of organized crime of the era.

Front 116

Reconstruction Finance Corporation, RFC

Back 116

Created in 1932 to make loans to banks, insurance companies, and railroads, it was intended to provide emergency funds to help businesses overcome the effects of the Depression. It was later used to finance wartime projects during WW II.

Front 117

Rudolph Valentino (1895-1926), Charlie Chaplin

Back 117

Valentino, a romantic leading man, was one of the most popular dramatic stars of silent films. Chaplin was a popular star of silent slap-stick comedies.

Front 118

Sacco and Vanzetti case

Back 118

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

Front 119

Scopes trial, Clarence Darrow, William Jennings Bryan

Back 119

1925 - Prosecution of Dayton, Tennessee school teacher, John Scopes, for violation of the Butler Act, a Tennessee law forbidding public schools from teaching about evolution. Former Democratic presidential candidate, William Jennings Bryan, prosecuted the case, and the famous criminal attorney, Clarence Darrow, defended Scopes. Scopes was convicted and fined $100, but the trial started a shift of public opinion away from Fundamentalism.

Front 120

Secretary of the Treasury Mellon, tax cuts

Back 120

An American financier, he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury by President Harding in 1921 and served under Coolidge and Hoover. While he was in office, the government reduced the WW I debt by $9 billion and Congress cut income tax rates substantially. He is often called the greatest Secretary of the Treasury after Hamilton.

Front 121

Sinclair Lewis, Main Street, Babbitt

Back 121

He gained international fame for his novels attacking the weakness in American society. The first American to win the Nobel Prize for literature, Main Street (1920) was a satire on the dullness and lack of culture in a typical American town. Babbitt (1922) focuses on a typical small business person's futile attempts to break loose from the confinements in the life of an American citizen.

Front 122

T.S. Elliot, "The Waste Land"

Back 122

One of the most influential poets of the early 20th century, he had been born in St. Louis, Missouri, but moved to England after college and spent his adult life in Europe. The poem, written in 1922, contrasts the spiritual bankruptcy of modern Europe with the values and unity of the past. Displayed profound despair. Considered the foundation of modernist, 20th century poetry.

Front 123

The Jazz Singer

Back 123

1927 - The first movie with sound, this "talkie" was about the life of famous jazz singer, Al Jolson.

Front 124

The Lost Generation

Back 124

Writer Gertrude Stein named the new literary movement when she told Hemingway, "You are all a lost generation," referring to the many restless young writers who gathered in Paris after WW I. Hemingway used the quote in The Sun Also Rises. They thought that the U.S. was materialistic and the criticized conformity.

Front 125

Washington Disarmament Conference, 1921-1922

Back 125

The U.S. and nine other countries discussed limits on naval armaments. They felt that a naval arms race had contributed to the start of WW I. They created quotas for different classes of ships that could be built by each country based on its economic power and size of existing navies.

Front 126

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), Second AAA

Back 126

1933 - The AAA offered contracts to farmers to reduce their output of designated products. It paid farmers for processing taxes on these products, and made loans to farmers who stored crops on their farms. The Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional.

Front 127

Bank Holiday

Back 127

March 11, 1933 - Roosevelt closed all banks and forbade the export of gold or redemption of currency in gold.

Front 128

Civil Works Administration (CWA)

Back 128

Hired unemployed workers to do make-shift jobs like sweeping streets. Sent men ages 18-24 to camps to work on flood control, soil conservation, and forest projects under the War Department. A small monthly payment was made to the family of each member.

Front 129

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Back 129

Created in April 1933. Within 4 months, 1300 CCC camps were in operation and 300,000 men between ages 18 and 25 worked for the reconstruction of cities. More than 2.5 million men lived and/or worked in CCC camps.

Front 130

Coalition of the Democratic Party: Blacks, unions, intellectuals, big city machines, South

Back 130

Union took an active role providing campaign funds and votes. Blacks had traditionally been Republican but 3/4 had shifted to the Democratic party. Roosevelt still received strong support from ethnic whites in big cities and Midwestern farmers.

Front 131

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), John L. Lewis

Back 131

Originally formed by leaders within the AFL who wanted to expand its principles to include workers in mass production industries. In 1935, they created coalition of the 8 unions comprising the AFL and the United Mine Workers of America, led by John L. Lewis. After a split within the organization in 1938, the CIO was established as a separate entity.

Front 132

Conservative Coalition in Congress

Back 132

1938 - Coalition of conservative Democrats and Republicans who united to curb further New Deal legislators. Motivated by fears of excessive federal spending and the expansion of federal power.

Front 133

Court-packing plan

Back 133

Because the Supreme Court was striking down New Deal legislation, Roosevelt decided to curb the power of the Court by proposing a bill to allow the president to name a new federal judge for each who did not retire by age 70 and 1/2. At the time, 6 justices were over the age limit. Would have increased the number of justices from 9 to 15, giving FDR a majority of his own appointees on the court. The court-packing bill was not passed by Congress.

Front 134

Deficit spending

Back 134

FDR's administration was based on this concept. It involved stimulating consumer buying power, business enterprise, and ultimately employment by pouring billions of dollars of federal money into the economy even if the government didn't have the funds, and had to borrow money.

Front 135

Dr. Francis Townsend

Back 135

Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month.

Front 136

Dust Bowl, Okies, John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath

Back 136

1939 - Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath was about "Okies" from Oklahoma migrating from the Dust Bowl to California in the midst of the Depression.

Front 137

Eleanor Roosevelt

Back 137

A strong first lady who supported civil rights.

Front 138

Emergency Banking Relief Act, 1933

Back 138

March 6, 1933 - FDR ordered a bank holiday. Many banks were failing because they had too little capital, made too many planning errors, and had poor management. The Emergency Banking Relief Act provided for government inspection, which restored public confidence in the banks.

Front 139

Fair Labor Standards Act, maximum hours and minimum wage

Back 139

June 1938 - Set maximum hours at 40 hours a week and minimum wage at 20 cents an hour (gradually rose to 40 cents).

Front 140

Father Charles Coughlin

Back 140

Headed the National Union for Social Justice. Began as a religious radio broadcaster, but turned to politics and finance and attracted an audience of millions from many faiths. Promoted inflationary currency, anti-Semitism.

Front 141

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Back 141

A federal agency which insures bank deposits, created by the Glass-Strengall Banking Reform Act of 1933.

Front 142

Federal Housing Authorities (FHA)

Back 142

1934 - Created by Congress to insure long-term, low-interest mortgages for home construction and repair.

Front 143

Fireside Chats

Back 143

Weekly radio addresses by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in which he explained his actions directly to the American people.

Front 144

Good Neighbor Policy

Back 144

During the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the U.S. policy of not interfering in the internal affairs of hemispheric neighbors.

Front 145

Huey Long, Share the Wealth,

Back 145

The Share the Wealth society was founded in 1934 by Senator Huey Long of Louisiana. He called for the confiscation of all fortunes over $5 million and a 100% tax on annual incomes over $1 million. He was assassinated in 1935.

Front 146

Indian Reorganization Act

Back 146

1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.

Front 147

Keynesian Economics

Back 147

The British economist John Maynard Keynes believed that the government could pull the economy out of a depression by increasing government spending, thus creating jobs and increasing consumer buying power.

Front 148

Liberty League

Back 148

Formed in 1934 by conservatives to defend business interests and promote the open shop.

Front 149

Monetary policy, fiscal policy

Back 149

In monetary policy, government manipulates the nation's money supply to control inflation and depression. In fiscal policy, the government uses taxing and spending programs (including deficit spending) to control inflation and depression.

Front 150

National Industrial Recovery Administration (NIRA)

Back 150

Founded in 1933 to carry out the plans of the National Industry Recovery Act to fight depression. It established code authorities for each branch of industry or business. The code authorities set the lowest prices that could be charged, the lowest wages that could be paid, and the standards of quality that must be observed. Based on theory that regulation of the economy would allow industries to return to full production, thereby leading to full employment and a return of prosperity. The SC declared it unconstitutional because it granted legislative powers to the executive branch.

Front 151

National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)

Back 151

Created to insure fairness in labor-management relations and the mediate employers' disputes with unions.

Front 152

National Recovery Administration, "The Blue Eagle"

Back 152

The NRA Blue Eagle was a symbol Hugh Johnson devised to generate enthusiasm for the NRA codes. Employers who accepted the provisions of NRA could display it in their windows. The symbol showed up everywhere, along with the NRA slogan "We Do Our Part."

Front 153

New Deal

Back 153

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's program designed to bring about economic recovery and reform during the Great Depression.

Front 154

NLRB v. Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp.

Back 154

April 1937 - Supreme Court upheld the Wagner Act, ensuring the right to unionize, in a 5 to 4 decision. This decision signaled a change in the Court's attitude towards support of the New Deal and lead FDR to abandon his court-packing plan.

Front 155

Public Works Administration (PWA), Harold Ickes

Back 155

Under Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, the PWA distributed $3.3 billion to state and local governments for building schools, highways, hospitals, etc..

Front 156

Relief, recovery, reform

Back 156

The first step in FDR's relief program was to establish the Civilian Conservation Corps in April, 1933. The chief measure designed to promote recovery was the National Industrial Recovery Act. The New Deal acts most often classified as reform measures were those designed to guarantee the rights of labor and limit the powers of businesses.

Front 157

Rural Electrification Committee (REA)

Back 157

May 1936 - Created to provide loans and WPA labor to electric cooperatives to build lines into rural areas not served by private companies.

Front 158

Schecter Poultry Corp. v. U.S.

Back 158

May, 1935 - The U.S. Supreme Court declared the National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutional. It held that Congress had improperly delegated legislative authority to the National Industrial Recovery Administration and that the federal government had exceeded its jurisdiction because Schecter was not engaged in interstate commerce.

Front 159

Second New Deal/Second Hundred Days

Back 159

Some thought the first New Deal (legislation passed in 1933) did too much and created a big deficit, while others, mostly the elderly, thought it did not do enough. Most of the 1933 legislation was ineffective in stopping the Depression, which led F. D. R. to propose a second series of initiatives in 1935, referred to the Second New Deal.

Front 160

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Back 160

1934 - Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in securities trading.

Front 161

Sit-down strikes

Back 161

The strikers occupied the workplace to prevent any production. Used successfully to win collective bargaining rights at the GM plant in Detroit by UAW in 1937.

Front 162

Social Security Act

Back 162

One of the most important features of the Second New Deal established a retirement for persons over 65 funded by a tax on wages paid equally by employee and employer.

Front 163

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), Senator Norris

Back 163

A public corporation headed by a 3-member board. The TVA built 20 dams, conducted demonstration projects for farmers, and engaged in reforestation to rehabilitate the area.

Front 164

Wagner Act

Back 164

May 1935 - Replaced Section 7A of the NIRA. It reaffirmed labor's right to unionize, prohibited unfair labor practices, and created the National Labor Relations Board.

Front 165

Works Progress Administration (WPA), Harold Hopkins, Federal Arts Project

Back 165

The WPA started in May 1935 and was headed by Harold Hopkins. It employed people for 30 hours a week (so it could hire all the unemployed). The Federal Arts Project had unemployed artists painting murals in public buildings; actors, musicians, and dancers performing in poor neighborhood; and writers compiling guidebooks and local histories.

Front 166

America First Committee

Back 166

1940 - Formed by die-hard isolationists who feared the U.S. going to war.

Front 167

Atlantic Charter

Back 167

August 1941 - Drawn up by FDR and Churchill with eight main principles:Renunciation of territorial aggression No territorial changes without the consent of the peoples concernedRestoration of sovereign rights and self-government Access to raw material for all nations World economic cooperation Freedom from fear and want Freedom of the seas Disarmament of aggressors

Front 168

Axis Powers

Back 168

In World War II, the alliance of German and Italy, and later Japan.

Front 169

Battle of the Bulge

Back 169

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

Front 170

Cash and carry revision of neutrality

Back 170

Stated the warring nations wishing to trade with the U.S. would have to pay cash and carry the goods away in their own ships. Benefited the Allies, since German ships could not reach the U.S. due to the Allied blockades.

Front 171

D-Day

Back 171

June 6, 1944, the day Allied forces landed on the beaches of Normandy, in France, leading to the defeat of Germany.

Front 172

Destroyer Deal

Back 172

1940 - U.S. agreed to "lend" its older destroyers to Great Britain. (Destroyers were major warships that made up the bulk of most countries' navies.) Signaled the end of U.S. neutrality in the war.

Front 173

General Douglas MacArthur

Back 173

Military governor of the Philippines, which Japan invaded a few days after the Pearl Harbor attack. MacArthur escaped to Australia in March 1942 and was appointed supreme commander of the Allied forces in the Pacific. Received the Medal of Honor.

Front 174

General Dwight D. Eisenhower (1870-1969)

Back 174

Served as the supreme commander of the western Allied forces and became chief of staff in 1941. Sent to Great Britain in 1942 as the U.S. commander in Europe.

Front 175

Genocide, "Final Solution"

Back 175

Genocide is destruction of a racial group. Hitler's "Final Solution" was the genocide of non-Aryan peoples.

Front 176

Great Migration

Back 176

The mass movement of African Americans from the South to the North during World War I.

Front 177

Hiroshima, Nagasaki

Back 177

First and second cities to be hit by atomic bombs, they were bombed after Japan refused to surrender and accept the Potsdam Declaration. Hiroshima was bombed on August 6, 1945 and Nagasaki was bombed on August 9, 1945.

Front 178

Invasion of Poland, Blitzkrieg

Back 178

September 1939 - Germany used series of "lightning campaigns" to conquer Poland. The invasion caused Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany.

Front 179

Japanese relocation

Back 179

The bombing of Pearl Harbor created widespread fear that the Japanese living in the U.S. were actually spies. FDR issued executive order 9066, which moved all Japanese and people of Japanese descent living on the west coast of the U.S. into internment camps in the interior of the U.S.

Front 180

Korematsu v. U.S., 1944

Back 180

Upheld the U.S. government's decision to put Japanese-Americans in internment camps during World War II.

Front 181

Lend lease March 1941 -

Back 181

Authorized the president to transfer, lend, or lease any article of defense equipment ot any government whose defense was deemed vital to the defense of the U.S. Allowed the U.S. to send supplies and ammunition to the Allies without technically becoming a co-belligerent.

Front 182

MacArthur, General Douglas

Back 182

Bold, arrogant American general celebrated for his successful amphibious invasion at Inchon, on North Korean forces' rear. MacArthur's subsequent invasion into North Korea stalled, and President Truman removed him from command after his inflammatory, egomaniacal criticisms of America's containment policy.

Front 183

Manhattan Project

Back 183

The secret government program to develop an atomic bomb during World War II.

Front 184

Merchants of Death

Back 184

Liberal isolationists' term for companies which manufactured armaments. They felt that the companies were undermining national interests by assisting aggressor nations.

Front 185

Munich Conference, appeasement, Neville Chamberlain

Back 185

1938 - Hitler wanted to annex the Sudetenland, a portion of Czechoslovakia whose inhabitants were mostly German-speaking. On Sept. 29, Germany, Italy, France, and Great Britain signed the Munich Pact, which gave Germany the Sudetenland. British Prime Minister Chamberlain justified the pact with the belief that appeasing Germany would prevent war.

Front 186

Neutrality Act 1937

Back 186

Gave the president the authority to determine whether a civil war was a threat to world peace and prohibited arms sales to belligerents.

Front 187

Neutrality Act of 1936

Back 187

- Gave the president the authority to determine when a state of war existed and prohibited loans to belligerents.

Front 188

Neutrality legislation

Back 188

1935 - Upon the outbreak of war, all American exports would be embargoed for 6 months.

Front 189

Nonaggression pact between Germany and U.S.S.R.

Back 189

August 23, 1939 - Germany and Russia agreed not to attack each other, which allowed Hitler to open up a second front in the West without worrying about defending against Russia. Granted Western Poland to Germany, but allowed Russia to occupy Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Eastern Poland. Hitler intended to break the pact.

Front 190

Nye Committee

Back 190

Gerald Nye of North Dakota believed that the U.S. should stay out of foreign wars. His congressional hearings exposed the "merchants of death" who supposedly caused and profited from US involvement in WWI. Hearings were held during 1930's and made idea of involvement in approaching European war very unpopular.

Hint 190

None

Front 191

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

Back 191

Government agency which successful combated inflation by fixing price ceilings on commodities and introducing rationing programs during World War II.

Front 192

Okinawa

Back 192

The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. On April 1, 1945, they invaded Okinawa, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000.

Front 193

Partitioning of Korea, Vietnam, Germany

Back 193

The U.S. played a role in dividing these countries into sections, each of which would be ruled by different authority figures and managed by one of the Allied powers.

Front 194

Pearl Harbor

Back 194

7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

Front 195

Potsdam Conference

Back 195

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Front 196

Quarantine Speech

Back 196

1937 - In this speech Franklin D. Roosevelt compared Fascist aggression to a contagious disease, saying democracies must unite to quarantine aggressor nations.

Front 197

Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967)

Back 197

Physics professor at U.C. Berkeley and CalTech, he headed the U.S. atomic bomb project in Los Alamos, New Mexico. He later served on the Atomic Energy Commission, although removed for a time the late 1950's, over suspicion he was a Communist sympathizer.

Front 198

Second front

Back 198

The Russians were suffering heavy casualties fighting the German invasion of Russia. Stalin urged the Allies to open a "second front" in the west to relieve the pressure on the Russians. The Allies did so, but only after a long delay.

Front 199

Smith Act

Back 199

Required fingerprinting and registering of all aliens in the U.S. and made it a crime to teach or advocate the violent overthrow of the U.S. government.

Front 200

Spanish Civil War (1936-1935), Franco

Back 200

Spain had established a leftist, democratic government in the 1930s. In July, 1936, Gen. Francisco Franco and other army leaders staged a coup and installed a right-wing fascist government, touching off a civil war between loyalist Republican forces (aided by Russia) and Franco's Fascist party (aided by Mussolini and Hitler).

Front 201

Stalin, Joseph

Back 201

Soviet premier in the 1930s and 1940s, known for his violent purges of internal political enemies and his suspicion of Western leaders, an ideology guided by two major German invasions into Russia.

Front 202

Stalingrad

Back 202

Site of critical World War II Soviet victory that reversed Germany's advance to the East. In late 1942, Russian forces surrounded the Germans, and on Feb. 2, 1943, the German Sixth Army surrendered. First major defeat for the Germans in World War II.

Front 203

Tehran Conference

Back 203

December, 1943 - A meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace.

Front 204

"Unconditional surrender"

Back 204

The war aim proclaimed by Churchill and FDR at Casablanca conference. Ultimately, this demand made it difficult for the Japanese to surrender; they wanted to protect their emperor.

Hint 204

None

Front 205

Winston Churchill

Back 205

Prime minister of Great Britain during World War II.

Front 206

Women's Army Corps (WAC)

Back 206

The auxiliary women's unit to the U.S. army.

Front 207

Yalta Conference

Back 207

February, 1945 - Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta to make final war plans, arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations. They announced the decision to divide Germany into three post-war zones of occupation, although a fourth zone was later created for France. Russia also agreed to enter the war against Japan, in exchange for the Kuril Islands and half of the Sakhalin Peninsula.

Front 208

Atomic Energy Commission

Back 208

Created in 1946 to oversee the research and production of atomic power.

Front 209

Beat Generation

Back 209

A cultural style and artistic movement of the 1950s that rejected traditional American family life and material values and celebrated African-American culture. They tapped an underground dissatisfaction with mainstream American culture.

Front 210

Berlin blockade & airlift

Back 210

April 1, 1948 - Russia under Stalin blockaded Berlin completely in the hopes that the West would give the entire city to the Soviets to administer. To bring in food and supplies, the U.S. and Great Britain mounted air lifts which became so intense that, at their height, an airplane was landing in West Berlin every few minutes. West Germany was a republic under Franc, the U.S. and Great Britain. Berlin was located entirely within Soviet-controlled East Germany.

Front 211

Bretton Woods Conference

Back 211

The common name for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in New Hampshire, 44 nations at war with the Axis powers met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under-developed areas, and speed the economic recovery of Europe.

Front 212

Chiang Kai-Shek, Taiwan

Back 212

Chiang and the nationalists were forced to flee to Taiwan a large island off the southern coast of China, after the Communist victory in the civil war. Throughout the 1950's, the U.S. continued to recognize and support Chiang's government in Taiwan as the legitimate government of China, and to ignore the existence of the Communist People's Republic on the mainland.

Front 213

Containment,

Back 213

George F. Kennan, a member of the State Department, felt that the best way to keep Communism out of Europe was to confront the Russians wherever they tried to spread their power.

Front 214

Dixiecrats, J. Strom Thurmond

Back 214

Southern Democrats disgruntled over the strong civil rights proposals of the Democrats' 1948 National Convention. Formed the States' Rights Democratic Party and nominated Thurmond (governor of South Carolina) for president.

Front 215

Fair Deal

Back 215

Truman's policy agenda -- he raised the minimum wage from 65 to 75 cents an hour, expanded Social Security benefits to cover 10 million more people, and provided government funding for 100,000 low-income public housing units and for urban renewal.

Front 216

Fall of China, Mao Tse-Tung (Mao Zedong)

Back 216

Mao Tse-Tung led the Communists in China. Because of the failure to form a coalition government between Chiang Kai-Shek and the Communists, civil war broke out in China after WWII. The Communists won in 1949, but the new government was not recognized by much of the world, including the U.S.

Front 217

G.I. Bill of Rights 1944 -

Back 217

Servicemen's Readjustment Act, also called the G.I. Bill of Rights. Granted $13 billion in aid for form servicemen, ranging from educational grants to housing and other services to assist with the readjustment to society after demobilization.

Front 218

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

Back 218

Committee in the House of Representatives founded on a temporary basis in 1938 to monitor activities of foreign agents. Made a standing committee in 1945. During World War II it investigated pro-fascist groups, but after the war it turned to investigating alleged communists. From 1947-1949, it conducted a series of sensational investigations into supposed communist infiltration of the U.S. government and Hollywood film industry.

Front 219

Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)

Back 219

After Lenin died in 1924, he defeated Trotsky to gain power in the U.S.S.R. He created consecutive five year plans to expand heavy industry. He tried to crush all opposition and ruled as the absolute dictator of the U.S.S.R. until his death.

Front 220

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Back 220

Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

Front 221

Korean War, limited war

Back 221

After WWII, Korea had been partitioned along the 38th parallel into a northern zone governed by the Soviet Union, and a southern zone controlled by the U.S. In 1950, after the Russians had withdrawn, leaving a communist government in the North, the North invaded the South. The U.N. raised an international army led by the U.S. to stop the North. It was the first use of U.N. military forces to enforce international peace. Called a limited war, because the fighting was to be confined solely to the Korean peninsula, rather than the countries involved on each side attacking one another directly.

Front 222

Marshall Plan

Back 222

Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism.

Front 223

National Security Acts

Back 223

1947 - Created the cabinet post of Secretary of Defense, the CIA, and the National Security Council. 1949 - Created NATO.

Front 224

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Back 224

Chartered April, 1949. The 11 member nations agreed to fight for each other if attacked. It is an international military force for enforcing its charter.

Front 225

NSC-68

Back 225

Influential National Security Council document arguing communism was a monolithic world movement directed from the Kremlin and advocating a massive military buildup to counteract the encroachment of communism.

Front 226

Right-to-Work laws

Back 226

State laws that provide that unions cannot impose a requirement that workers join the union as a condition of their employment.

Front 227

Satellites

Back 227

Eastern European countries conquered by the U.S.S.R. during the Cold War.

Front 228

Sen. Joseph McCarthy (1908-1957), McCarthyism

Back 228

Wisconsin Senator who began sensational campaign in February, 1950 by asserting that the U.S. State Department had been infiltrated by Communists. In 1953 became Chair of the Senate Sub- Committee on Investigations and accused the Army of covering up foreign espionage. The Army-McCarthy Hearings made McCarthy look so foolish that further investigations were halted.

Front 229

Superpowers.

Back 229

The name give to the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. because of their dominance in the arms race and economic struggle for world power. Both countries had nuclear bombs by the late 1940's and 1950's.

Front 230

Taft-Hartley Act

Back 230

Legislation in 1947 that reflected the conservative post-war mood. It outlawed the closed shop, gave presidential power to delay strikes with a "cooling-off" period, and curtailed the political and economic power of organized labor.

Front 231

Truman Doctrine

Back 231

A speech by President Truman in March 1947 that set the course of U.S. foreign policy for the next generation, painting international affairs as a struggle between free democratic governments and tyrannical communist governments, and advocating American intervention to protect democratic governments.

Front 232

Truman-MacArthur Controversy

Back 232

Truman removed MacArthur from command in Korea as punishment for MacArthur's public criticism of the U.S. government's handling of the war. Intended to confirm the American tradition of civilian control over the military, but Truman's decision was widely criticized.

Front 233

United Nations: Security Council, General Assembly, Secretary-General

Back 233

Only the Security Council could take action on substantive issues through investigation. The General Assembly met and talked. A secretariat, headed by a Secretary-General, was to perform the organization's administrative work.

Front 234

Warsaw Pact

Back 234

To counter the NATO buildup, the Soviets formed this military organization with the nations of Eastern Europe. Also gave Russia an excuse for garrisoning troops in these countries.

Front 235

Winston Churchill (1874-1965), "Iron Curtain" speech

Back 235

March, 1946 - He reviewed the international response to Russian aggression and declared an "iron curtain" had descended across Eastern Europe.

Front 236

Abdul Nasser, Suez Crisis

Back 236

Egypt's dictator, Abdul Gamal Nasser, a former army officer who had led the coup that overthrew King Farouk, nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956, and was attacked by British, French and Israeli forces. The U.S. intervened on behalf of Egypt. Damaged Britain and France's standing as world powers.

Front 237

AFL-CIO merger

Back 237

In 1955 at a New York City Convention, these two once-rival organizations decided to put aside their differences and unite. Had a total membership of over 15 million.

Front 238

Alliance for Progress

Back 238

1961 - Formed by John F. Kennedy to build up Third World nations to the point where they could manage their own affairs.

Front 239

Bay of Pigs

Back 239

1961 - 1400 American-trained Cuban expatriates left from Nicaragua to try to topple Castro's regime, landing at the Bay of Pigs in southern Cuba. They had expected a popular uprising to sweep them to victory, but the local populace refused to support them. When promised U.S. air cover also failed to materialize, the invaders were easily killed or captured by the Cuban forces. Many of the survivors were ransomed back to the U.S. for $64 million. President Kennedy had directed the operation.

Front 240

Berlin Wall

Back 240

1961 - The Soviet Union, under Nikita Khrushchev, erected a wall between East and West Berlin to keep people from fleeing from the East, after Kennedy asked for an increase in defense funds to counter Soviet aggression.

Front 241

Brinksmanship

Back 241

The principle of not backing down in a crisis, even if it meant taking the country to the brink of war. Policy of both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. during the Cold War.

Front 242

Castro's Revolution

Back 242

1959 - A band of insurgents led by Fidel Castro succeeded in overthrowing the corrupt government of Juan Baptista, and Cuba became Communist.

Front 243

Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)

Back 243

Members were the U.S., Great Britain, Turkey, Iran and West Pakistan. Treaty to improve U.S. relations and cooperation with Latin and South America. Fairly successful, similar to ANZUS.

Front 244

Common Market

Back 244

Popular name for the European Economic Community established in 1951 to encourage greater economic cooperation between the countries of Western Europe and to lower tariffs on trade between its members.

Front 245

Cuban Missile Crisis

Back 245

The conflict in 1962 prompted by Soviet installation of missiles on Cuba and President Kennedy's announcement to the American Public. After days of genuine fear on both sides, the two sides negotiated a whereby the Soviet Union removed the missiles and the United States pledged not to invade Cuba. It was the closest the US & USSR ever came to open war.

Front 246

Dien Bien Phu, Vietnam

Back 246

France had exercised colonial control of Indochina until WWII. After Japan's defeat in 1945, the Viet Minh seized Hanoi and declared the North an independent republic. War with France broke out in 1946. In the Spring of 1954, the Viet Minh surrounded and destroyed the primary French fortress in North Vietnam at Dien Bien Phu. Lead to the withdrawal of France from Indochina.

Front 247

Eisenhower doctrine

Back 247

Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East.

Front 248

Flexible Response

Back 248

Kennedy abandoned Eisenhower's theory of massive nuclear war in favor of a military that could respond flexibly to any situation at any time, in different ways.

Front 249

Ike (Eisenhower) and Modern Republicanism

Back 249

Conservative about federal spending, liberal about personal freedoms. Believed in a balanced budget and lower taxes, but not in getting rid of existing social and economic legislation.

Front 250

John Foster Dulles

Back 250

As Secretary of State. he viewed the struggle against Communism as a classic conflict between good and evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine.

Front 251

Kennedy and the Steel Price Rollback

Back 251

Angry at steel companies for cutting wages and increasing prices in the face of his low-inflation plan, Kennedy activated the federal government's anti-trust laws and the FBI. Awed, steel companies cut their prices back for a few days, then raised them again slowly and quietly. Kennedy "jawboned" the steel industry into overturning a price increase after having encouraged labor to lower its wage demands.

Front 252

Khrushchev, Nikita

Back 252

Personable Soviet premier during Eisenhower's presidential term. Khrushchev condemned Stalin's purges and welcomed a melting of the Cold War, although he crushed a 1956 democratic uprising in Hungary.

Front 253

Massive Retaliation

Back 253

In the 1950's after Stalin died, Dulles and Eisenhower warned the Soviets that if aggression was undertaken, the U.S. would retaliate with its full nuclear arsenal against the Soviet Union itself. However, the U.S. would not start conflicts.

Front 254

McCarran-Walter Immigration Act

Back 254

1952 - Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952, it kept limited immigration based on ethnicity, but made allowances in the quotas for persons displaced by WWII and allowed increased immigration of European refugees. Tried to keep people from Communist countries from coming to the U.S. People suspected of being Communists could be refused entry or deported.

Front 255

Military-Industrial Complex

Back 255

Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.

Front 256

National System of Interstate and Defense Highways Act

Back 256

1956 legislation creating national highway system of 41,000 miles, costing $26 billion and taking 13 years to construct. It solidified the central role of the automobile in American culture.

Front 257

New Frontier

Back 257

The "new" liberal and civil rights ideas advocated by Kennedy, in contrast to Eisenhower's conservative view.

Front 258

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 1963

Back 258

Reacting to Soviet nuclear tests, this treaty was signed on August 5, 1963 and prohibited nuclear testing undersea, in air and in space. Only underground testing was permitted. It was signed by all major powers except France and China.

Front 259

Organization of American States (OAS)

Back 259

Founded in 1948 by 21 nations at the Ninth Pa-American Conference, now consists of 32 nations of Central and South America and the U.S. Settled disputes between its members and discouraged foreign intervention in American disputes.

Front 260

Peace Corps., Vista

Back 260

Established by Congress in September, 1961 under Kennedy, dedicated Americans volunteered to go to about 50 third-world countries and show the impoverished people how to improve their lives.

Front 261

Peaceful coexistence

Back 261

Khrushchev's proposal that the U.S. and U.S.S.R. could compromise and learn to live with each other.

Front 262

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

Back 262

September, 1954 - Alliance of non-Communist Asian nations modeled after NATO. Unlike NATO, it didn't establish a military force.

Front 263

Sputnik

Back 263

Russian satellite that successfully orbited the earth in 1957, prompting Americans to question their own values and educational system. The hysteria over Soviet technological superiority led to the 1958 National Defense Education Act.

Front 264

Supreme Court: Mapp v. Ohio, 1961

Back 264

Ms. Mapp was affirmed convicted having pornography "on her person" even though Ohio police obtained the material without a warrant. The Supreme Court ruled that there must be a warrant to search.

Front 265

The New Look

Back 265

President Eisenhower's adjustment to the doctrine of containment. He advocated saving money by emphasizing nuclear over conventional weapons, on the premise that the next major world conflict would be nuclear.

Front 266

Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh

Back 266

North Vietnamese leader who had lead the resistance against the Japanese during WW II and at the end of the war had led the uprising against the French Colonial government. He had traveled in Europe, educated in Moscow, and was an ardent Communist. Became President of the North Vietnamese government established after the French withdrawal. Often called the George Washington of North Vietnam.

Front 267

A. Philip Randolph

Back 267

President of the Brotherhood of Car Porters and a Black labor leader, in 1941 he arranged a march on Washington to end racial discrimination.

Front 268

Abolition of immigration quotas

Back 268

1965 - Amendments to Immigration and Nationality Act abolished national origin quotas and instead, based immigration on skills and need for political asylum.

Front 269

Baker v. Carr, 1962

Back 269

The Supreme Court declared that the principle of "one person, one vote" must be following at both state and national levels. The decision required that districts be redrawn so the each representative represented the same number of people.

Front 270

Black Muslims

Back 270

Common name for the Nation of Islam, a religion that encouraged separatism from White society. They claimed the "White Devil" was the chief source of evil in the world.

Front 271

Black Panthers

Back 271

Led by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton, they believed that racism was an inherent part of the U.S. capitalist society and were militant, self-styled revolutionaries for Black Power.

Front 272

Black Power

Back 272

A rallying cry for more militant blacks advocated by younger leaders like Stokely Carmichael and H. Rap Brown, beginning in the mid-1960s. It called for African Americans to form their own economic, political, and cultural institutions. A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.

Front 273

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

Back 273

Supreme Court decision of 1954 that overturned the "separate but equal doctrine" that justified Jim Crow laws. Chief Justice Earl Warren argued that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal."

Front 274

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Back 274

Landmark legislation that prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or national origin in employment and public facilities such as hotels, restaurants, and playgrounds. It established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

Front 275

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

Back 275

1941-42 - Interracial until 1962, when it became predominately Black, after 1964, only Blacks were allowed to join. It concentrated on organizing votes for Black candidates and political causes, successful even in states like Mississippi and Alabama.

Front 276

De Facto, De Jure segregation

Back 276

De Facto means "it is that way because it just is," and De Jure means that there are rules and laws behind it. In 1965, President Johnson said that getting rid of De Jure segregation was not enough.

Front 277

Desegregation of the Armed Forces, 1948

Back 277

In July, Truman issued an executive order establishing a policy of racial equality in the Armed Forces "be put into effect as rapidly as possible." He also created a committee to ensure its implementation.

Front 278

Flower Children

Back 278

Hippies who were unified by their rejection of traditional values and assumptions of Western society.

Front 279

Freedom Riders

Back 279

Civil rights activists who in 1961 demonstrated that despite a federal ban on segregated travel on interstate buses, segregation prevailed in parts of the South.

Front 280

Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963

Back 280

The Supreme Court held that all defendants in serious criminal cases are entitled to legal counsel, so the state must appoint a free attorney to represent defendants who are too poor to afford one.

Front 281

Great Society

Back 281

The liberal reform program of President Lyndon Johnson. The program included civil rights legislation, increased public spending to help the poor, Medicare and Medicaid programs, educational legislation, and liberalized immigration policies.

Front 282

Literacy tests, grandfather clause, poll taxes, White primaries

Back 282

Literacy tests: Voters had to prove basic literacy to be entitled to vote. Because of poor schools, Blacks were often prevented from voting. Grandfather clause: Said that a person could vote only if their grandfather had been registered to vote, which disqualified Blacks whose grandparents had been slaves. Poll taxes and White primaries were other methods used to keep Blacks from voting.

Front 283

Little Rock Crisis

Back 283

Conflict in 1957 when governor Orval Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the racial integration of Little Rock's Central High School. After a crucial delay, President Eisenhower federalized the National Guard troops and sent in 1000 paratroopers to foster the school's integration.

Front 284

Malcolm X

Back 284

Spokesman for the Nation of Islam, a black religious and political organization that advocated black-owned businesses and castigated "white devils." He achieved notoriety as a public speaker and recruiter of boxer Muhammad Ali to the organization. He left the Nation of Islam in 1964 to form the Organization of Afro-American Unity in 1964, and was assassinated in 1965.

Front 285

March on Washington, 1963

Back 285

August - 200,000 demonstrators converged on the Lincoln Memorial to hear Dr. King's speech and to celebrate Kennedy's support for the civil rights movement.

Front 286

Medicare

Back 286

Enacted in 1965 - provided, under Social Security, for federal subsidies to pay for the hospitalization of sick people age 65 and over.

Front 287

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Back 287

December, 1955 - In Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat for a White man as required by city ordinance. It started the Civil Rights Movement and an almost nation-wide bus boycott lasting 11 months.

Front 288

New Left

Back 288

Coalition of younger members of the Democratic party and radical student groups. Believed in participatory democracy, free speech, civil rights and racial brotherhood, and opposed the war in Vietnam.

Front 289

Office of Economic Opportunity

Back 289

1965 - Part of the war on poverty, it was headed by R. Sargent Shiver, and was ineffective due to the complexity of the problem. It provided Job Corps, loans, training, VISTA, and educational programs.

Front 290

Parks, Rosa

Back 290

African-American seamstress and active NAACP member arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white patron in Montgomery, Alabama, prompting a huge bus boycott led by Martin Luther King, Jr.

Front 291

Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968)

Back 291

An Atlanta-born Baptist minister, he earned a Ph.D. at Boston University. The leader of the Civil Rights Movement and President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, he was assassinated outside his hotel room.

Front 292

Sit-ins, freedom rides

Back 292

Late 1950's, early 1960's, these were nonviolent demonstrations and marches that challenged segregation laws, often braving attacks by angry White mobs.

Front 293

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Back 293

Headed by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., a coalition of churches and Christians organizations who met to discuss civil rights.

Front 294

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Back 294

Organized in the fall of 1960 by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. as a student civil rights movement inspired by sit-ins, it challenged the status quo and walked the back roads of Mississippi and Georgia to encourage Blacks to resist segregation and to register to vote.

Front 295

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

Back 295

Founded in Port Huron, Michigan in 1962, the radical organization aimed to rid American society of poverty, racism, and violence through an individually oriented approach called participatory democracy. By 1968, the organization had over 100,000 followers and was responsible for demonstrations at nearly 1000 colleges.

Front 296

Supreme Court: Miranda v. Arizona, 1966

Back 296

Court declared that police officers must inform persons they arrest of their rights: the right to remain silent and the right to counsel during interrogation.

Front 297

Thurgood Marshall (1908-1993)

Back 297

In 1967, appointed the first Black Supreme Court Justice, he had led that NAACP's legal defense fund and had argued the Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas case before the Supreme Court.

Front 298

Twenty-Fourth Amendment

Back 298

1964 - It outlawed taxing voters, i.e. poll taxes, at presidential or congressional elections, as an effort to remove barriers to Black voters.

Front 299

Voting Rights Act, 1965

Back 299

Passed by Congress in 1965, it allowed for supervisors to register Blacks to vote in places where they had not been allowed to vote before.

Front 300

War on Poverty

Back 300

1965 - Johnson figured that since the Gross National Profit had risen, the country had lots of extra money "just lying around," so he'd use it to fight poverty. It started many small programs, Medicare, Head Start, and reorganized immigration to eliminate national origin quotas. It was put on hold during the Vietnam War.

Front 301

Watts, Detroit race riots

Back 301

Watts: August, 1965, the riot began due to the arrest of a Black by a White and resulted in 34 dead, 800 injured, 3500 arrested and $140,000,000 in damages. Detroit: July, 1967, the army was called in to restore order in race riots that resulted in 43 dead and $200,000,000 in damages.

Front 302

White Backlash

Back 302

Resistance to Black demands led by "law and order" advocates whose real purpose was to oppose integration.

Front 303

Betty Frieden, The Feminine Mystique

Back 303

1963 - Depicted how difficult a woman's life is because she doesn't think about herself, only her family. It said that middle-class society stifled women and didn't let them use their talents. Attacked the "cult of domesticity."

Front 304

Bombing of Laos and Cambodia

Back 304

March, 1969 - U.S. bombed North Vietnamese positions in Cambodia and Laos. Technically illegal because Cambodia and Laos were neutral, but done because North Vietnam was itself illegally moving its troops through those areas. Not learned of by the American public until July, 1973.

Front 305

Cesar Chavez

Back 305

Non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers from 1963-1970. Organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. Unionized Mexican-American farm workers.

Front 306

Chicago, Democratic Party Convention riot

Back 306

August, 1968 - With national media coverage, thousands of anti-war protestors, Blacks and Democratic supporters were clubbed by Major Daley's police.

Front 307

Daniel Ellsberg, Pentagon Papers

Back 307

Papers were part of a top-secret government study on the Vietnam War and said that the U.S. government had lied to the citizens of the U.S. and the world about its intentions in Vietnam.

Front 308

Diem, Ngo Dinh

Back 308

Although a Catholic in a Buddhist nation and a leader with no popular charm, the American government manufactured Diem's 1956 election because of his anticommunist views. The American government gradually realized Diem's lack of popular support and stood by when he was assassinated in 1963.

Front 309

Dien Bien Phu

Back 309

In 1946, war broke out between communist insurgents in North Vietnam, called the Viet Minh, and the French Colonial government. In the spring of 1954, the Viet Minh surrounded and destroyed the primary French fortress in North Vietnam at Dien Bien Phu. The defeat was so disastrous for the French that they decided to withdraw from Vietnam.

Front 310

Domino Theory

Back 310

1957 - Ike stated that if one country in SE Asia fell to Communism, it would undermine another and that one would fall, producing a domino effect.

Front 311

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Back 311

Proposed the 27th Amendment, calling for equal rights for both sexes. Defeated in the House in 1972.

Front 312

Geneva Conference, 1954

Back 312

French wanted out of Vietnam , the agreement signed by Ho Chi Minh France divided Vietnam on the 17th parallel, confining Minh's government to the North. In the South, an independent government was headed by Diem.

Front 313

Governor George Wallace of Alabama

Back 313

1968 - Ran as the American Independent Party candidate in the presidential election. A right- wing racist, he appealed to the people's fear of big government and made a good showing.

Front 314

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Back 314

Following two reported attacks on the U.S.S. Maddox in 1964, American president Lyndon B. Johnson asked for and received this authorization from Congress to "take all necessary measures" to repel attacks, prevent aggression, and protect American security. It allowed Johnson to act without Congressional authorization on military matters in Vietnam.

Front 315

Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969)

Back 315

North Vietnamese leader who had lead the resistance against the Japanese during WW II and at the end of the war had led the uprising against the French Colonial government. He had traveled in Europe, was an ardent Communist, and became President of the North Vietnamese government established after the French withdrawal. Often called the George Washington of North Vietnam.

Front 316

Kennedy, Robert

Back 316

After an early public life as a committed Cold Warrior, Kennedy ran for the Democratic nomination in 1968 as a peace candidate representative of young liberals. His assassination while on the campaign trail helped create the disenchantment of many young Americans with the political process.

Front 317

Kent State Incident, Jackson State Incident

Back 317

Kent State: May 4, 1970 - National Guardsmen opened fire on a group of students protesting the Vietnam War. Jackson State: Police opened fire in a dormitory.

Front 318

Moon race, Neil Armstrong

Back 318

July 20, 1969 - Armstrong becomes the first man to walk on the moon, beating the Communists in the moon race and fulfilling Kennedy's goal. Cost $24 billion.

Front 319

My Lai, Lt. Calley

Back 319

March, 1968 - An American unit destroyed the village of My Lai, killing many women and children. The incident was not revealed to the public until 20 months later. Lt. Calley, who led the patrol, was convicted of murder and sentenced to 10 years for killing 20 people.

Front 320

National Liberation Front (NLF)

Back 320

Official title of the Viet Cong. Created in 1960, they lead an uprising against Diem's repressive regime in the South.

Front 321

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Back 321

Inspired by Betty Frieden, a reform organization that battled for equal rights with men by lobbying and testing laws in court. NOW wanted equal employment opportunities, equal pay, ERA, divorce law changes, and legalized abortion.

Front 322

Nixon Doctrine

Back 322

President Nixon argued for "Vietnamization," the notion that the South Vietnamese would carry more of the war's combat burden. This plan never reached full realization because of the South Vietnamese inability to carry on the war effort without American troops.

Front 323

Paris Accord, 1973

Back 323

January 7, 1973 - U.S. signed a peace treaty with North Vietnam and began withdrawing troops. On April 25, 1975, South Vietnam was taken over by North Vietnam, in violation of the treaty.

Front 324

Ralph Nader, Unsafe at Any Speed

Back 324

1965 - Nader said that poor design and construction of automobiles were the major causes of highway deaths. He upset Congress by asking for legislation regulating car design and creation of national auto safety board, NATSA.

Front 325

Richard Nixon's "Southern Strategy"

Back 325

His political strategy of "courting" the South and bad-mouthing those Northerners who bad- mouthed the South. He chose Spiro Agnew, the Governor of Maryland, as his running mate to get the Southern vote.

Front 326

Tet Offensive

Back 326

As American military and political leaders suggested victory in Vietnam was in sight, North Vietnam launched an offensive in January 1968 against every major South Vietnamese target. Although the United States repelled the Tet Offensive, it prompted waves of criticism from those who felt the government had been misleading the American people.

Front 327

Vietnamization

Back 327

The effort to build up South Vietnamese troops while withdrawing American troops, it was an attempt to turn the war over to the Vietnamese.

Front 328

Wallace, George

Back 328

Alabama governor who ran for president in 1968 as a third-party candidate on the American Independent ticket. His message rejecting forced racial integration, the activities of radical college students, and the perceived national drift toward the left appealed to many working class Americans, and he received 13.5 percent of that election's vote.

Front 329

Afghanistan, 1979

Back 329

The Soviet Union sent troops into neighboring Afghanistan to support its Communist government against guerilla attacks by fundamentalist Muslims.

Front 330

Amnesty

Back 330

A general pardon by which the government absolves offenders, President Carter offered amnesty of Americans who had fled to other countries to avoid the draft for the Vietnam War.

Front 331

Arab oil embargo

Back 331

October 6, 1973 - Egypt and Syria attacked Israel. Moscow backed Egypt and both U.S. and U.S.S.R. put their armed forced on alert. In an attempt to pressure America into a pro-Arab stance, OPEC imposed an embargo on all oil to the U.S.

Front 332

Camp David Accords

Back 332

An historic 1979 peace agreement negotiated between Egypt and Israel at the U.S. presidential retreat at Camp David, Maryland. Under the pact, Israel agreed to return captured territory to Egypt and to negotiate Palestinian autonomy in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

Front 333

China visit, 1972

Back 333

February 21 - Nixon visited for a week to meet with Chairman Mao Tse-Tung for improved relations with China, Called "ping-pong diplomacy" because Nixon played ping pong with Mao during his visit. Nixon agreed to support China's admission to the United Nations.

Front 334

Department of Energy

Back 334

1977 - Carter added it to the Cabinet to acknowledge the importance of energy conservation.

Front 335

Deregulation

Back 335

An economic policy, begun during the administration of Jimmy Carter, which freed air and surface transportation, the savings and loan industry, natural gas, and other industries from many government economic controls.

Front 336

Détente

Back 336

A lessening of tensions between U.S. and Soviet Union. Besides disarming missiles to insure a lasting peace between superpowers, Nixon pressed for trade relations and a limited military budget. The public did not approve.

Front 337

Impeachment proceedings

Back 337

Special committee led by Ervin began impeachment talks about Nixon. Impeachment hearing were opened May 9, 1974 against Nixon by the House Judiciary Committee. The Committee recommended 3 articles of impeachment against Nixon: taking part in a criminal conspiracy to obstruct justice, "repeatedly" failing to carry out his constitutional oath, and unconstitutional defiance of committee subpoenas. Nixon resigned on August 9.

Front 338

Iranian Crisis, the Shah, the Ayatollah Khomeini

Back 338

1978 - a popular uprising forced the Shah to flee Iran and a Muslim and national leader, the Ayatollah Khomeini, established an Islamic Republic based on the Koran. President Carter allowed the Shah to come to the U.S. for medical reasons. Young Iranian militants broke into the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and kept the staff hostage for 444 days, releasing them January, 1981.Election of 1980: candidates, issue

Front 339

Nixon, "New Federalism"

Back 339

Slogan which meant returning power to the states, reversing the flow of power and resources from states and communities to Washington, and start power and resources flowing back to people all over America. Involved a 5-year plan to distribute $30 billion of federal revenues to states.

Front 340

Oil Crisis

Back 340

Oil supply disruptions and soaring oil prices that the United States experienced in 1973 and 1979. In 1973, Middle Eastern nations imposed an embargo on oil shipments to punish the West for supporting Israel in that year's Arab-Israeli war. A second oil shock occurred when the Iranian Revolution disrupted oil shipments to the western nations.

Front 341

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Back 341

An international oil cartel dominated by an Arab majority, joined together to protect themselves.

Front 342

Panama Canal treaties

Back 342

1978 - Passed by President Carter, these called for the gradual return of the Panama Canal to the people and government of Panama. They provided for the transfer of canal ownership to Panama in 1999 and guaranteed its neutrality.

Front 343

Rachel Carson, Silent Spring

Back 343

An American marine biologist wrote in 1962 about her suspicion that the pesticide DDT, by entering the food chain and eventually concentrating in higher animals, caused reproductive dysfunctions. In 1973, DDT was banned in the U.S. except for use in extreme health emergencies.

Front 344

Revenue Sharing

Back 344

1972 - A Nixon program that returned federal funds to the states to use as they saw fit.

Front 345

SALT I Agreement

Back 345

Strategic Arms Limitations Talks by Nixon and Brezhnev in Moscow in May, 1972. Limited Anti-Ballistic Missiles to two major departments and 200 missiles.

Front 346

SALT II

Back 346

Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty.

Front 347

Stagflation

Back 347

During the 60's and 70's, the U.S. was suffering from 5.3% inflation and 6% unemployment. Refers to the unusual economic situation in which an economy is suffering both from inflation and from stagnation of its industrial growth.

Front 348

Supreme Court: Bakke v. Board of Regents, 1978

Back 348

Supreme Court barred quota systems in college admissions but affirmed the constitutionality of programs giving advantages to minorities.

Front 349

War Powers Act

Back 349

This 1973 law required presidents to win specific authorization from Congress to engage U.S. forces in foreign combat for more than 90 days.

Front 350

Watergate Break-In

Back 350

During the 1972 presidential campaign, burglars, tied to the Nixon White House, were caught installing eavesdropping devices in Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate Complex in Washington, D.C. Revelations of White House efforts to obstruct the investigation of the break-in, of financial irregularities, and the use of government agencies for partisan purposes led President Nixon to resign in 1974.

Front 351

Fall of Communism

Back 351

In 1988, Gorbachev announced the pullout of Soviet troops from Afganistan and Eastern Europe. In 1989, all the former Soviet satellites overthrew their communist governments. Germans tore down the Berlin Wall and moved to re-unite the two halves of their country. The seprate republics of the former Soviet Union broke away to form their own independent countries, especially in Central Asia. The Cold War was finally over. With US leadership, the West had won.

Front 352

Glasnost

Back 352

Russian term for Gorbachev's new policy of openness to the West.

Front 353

Gorbachev, Mikhail

Back 353

The last leader of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev adopted policies of glasnost (political liberalization) and stroika (economic reform).

Front 354

Iran-Contra Affair

Back 354

Reagan approved a complicated plan to circumvent Congress' prohibition of sending aid to the Contras in Nicaragua. In addition, he approved a deal whereby the US would sell weapons to the Iranians in return for their help in getting US hostages being held in Lebanon released. The "profits" from the sale of weapons would be used to purchase additional weapons to be given to the Contras—all without the knowledge or approval of Congress. Later, Reagan and his aides denied any wrongdoing. Reagan claimed he had "no recollection" of the meetings where the plans were discussed and approved. Only Reagan's high personal popularity and the fact that he was in his second term prevented his impeachment.

Front 355

Moral Majority

Back 355

Born-Again Christians become politically active. The majority of Americans are moral people, and therefore are a political force.

Front 356

Peristroika

Back 356

Russian term for fundamental restructuring. Name for Gorbachev's new reform policies that led to the collapse of the Communist Party in Russia.

Front 357

Reagan Doctrine

Back 357

President Ronald Reagan's 1985 pledge of American aid to insurgent movements attempting to overthrow Soviet-back regimes in the Third World.

Front 358

Reagan Revolution

Back 358

The electoral victory of Reagan in 1980 signalled a dramatic move away from the liberal politics of the 1960-1980 period toward the conservative positions of vigorous anti-communism and a free-market, pro-business environment. Though there were serious tensions between the religious value conservatives and the libertarian conservatives, Reagan was able to hold his coalition together for most of the 1980's. Reagan's term so the confrontation with the Soviet Union turn into American domination as the US economy regained its previous productivity growth spurred, Reagan claimed, by his record-high tax cuts and deficits.

Front 359

Reagan Tax Cuts

Back 359

Reagan proposed and signed the single largest tax cut in US history—a 25% across the board tax cut for all taxpayers—in 1981. These tax cuts + Reagan's military buildup led to the nation's largest peacetime deficits.

Front 360

Sandra Day O'Connor

Back 360

(b. 1930) Arizona state senator from 1969 to 1974, appointed to the Arizona Court of Appeals in 1979. Reagan appointed her to the U.S. Supreme Court, making her the first female Justice of the Supreme Court.

Front 361

Star Wars/Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

Back 361

Reagan's program to build an anti-missile defensive shield that would protect the US from a Soviet first-strike. Though advertised with striking animated visuals, this program never solved its fundamental technical problems, even though billions of dollars were spent on it. When told that the Soviet Union would find this program extremely threatening, Reagan seriously proposed sharing it with them!

Front 362

Supply side economics

Back 362

Reaganomics policy based on the theory that allowing companies the opportunity to make profits, and encouraging investment, will stimulate the economy and lead to higher standards of living for everyone. Argued that tax cuts can be used stimulate economic growth. Move money into the hands of the people and they will invest, thus creating prosperity.

Front 363

The Persian Gulf War, 1990-91

Back 363

Saddam Hessein, dictator of war-ravaged and nearly bankrupt Iraq, invaded wealthy and oil-rich neighboring Kuwait in 1990. The US and the UN immediately condemned the unprovoked invasion of a neighboring country. The US, with the support of UN sanctions, led a multi-national coalition against Iraq in 1991: Operation Desert Storm. The US-led forces routed the vaunted Palace Guard of Iraq in just a few days. Iraq was forced out of Kuwait and, later, lost air-control of the southern and northern sections of Iraq. A severe economic embargo was placed on Iraq to force it to comply with weapons inspection teams seeking to monitor Hussein's weapons of mass destruction.

Front 364

Three Mile Island

Back 364

1979 - A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius.

Front 365

Cuban Missile Crisis

Back 365

October 14-28, 1962 - After discovering that the Russians were building nuclear missile launch sites in Cuba, the U.S. announced a quarantine of Cuba, which was really a blockade, but couldn't be called that since blockades are a violation of international law. After 6 days of confrontation that led to the brink of nuclear war, Khrushchev backed down and agreed to dismantle the launch sites.

Front 366

gas and water socialism

Back 366

Progressive mayors like Tom Johnson of Cleveland during the pre-WWI period advocated public ownership pf major utilities and mass transit.

Front 367

Okies

Back 367

Term given during the 1930's dustbowl to the small farmers and tenant farmers who left home with all they had and headed for California. Immortalized in Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath.