Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
1. Which of the ‘big five’ mass extinctions resulted in 2ndlevel ecological disruptions without significantly effecting reef ecosystems?
|
Late Devonian, EndCretaceous
|
|
|
2. On what scale do alpha, beta, and gamma diversity differ?
|
Spatial
|
|
|
3. Which type of diversity is plotted in Sepkoski curves?
|
Family-Level Diversity74P |
|
|
4. Calculate Simpson’s evenness index for the followingfossil community: |
Diversity = sum of n(n-1) / N(N-1) n = Total number of organisms of different species N= total number of organisms of all species |
|
|
what is a mega guild? |
A group of guilds with the same space utilization, body type and food source |
|
|
6. In which geological period appear the firstrepresentatives of the Modern Evolutionary Fauna? |
Mesozoic |
|
|
How did the diversity of the Palaeozoic Evolutionary Faunadevelop during the Mesozoic?
|
Mesozoic Marine Revolution (MMR) - increased diversification driven by evolution of durophagy (the ability of predators to crush shells).
|
|
|
. What is described by the Signor-Lipps effect? |
The first and lastappearance of a fossil taxon is never truly known as the fossil record is nevercomplete.
|
|
|
Definethe term convergent evolution
|
The process wherebyorganisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similartraits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecologicalniches.
|
|
|
Towhat substrate were crinoids with lots of arms and a long flexible stem likelyattached?
|
Driftwood - Pseudoplanktonicorganisms are those that attach themselves to planktonic organisms or otherfloating objects.
|
|
|
Name two characteristics of K-strategists. |
Small numbers ofslowly developing young (late onset of maturity), Large body size, Long lifeexpectancy, Low rates of population growth.
|
|
|
Name two characteristics of r-strategists.
|
High fecundity (largenumbers of offspring), Small body size, Short generation time / early maturity.
|
|
|
The base of which geological period is defined by the firstappearance of an ichnospecies? |
Cambrian |
|
|
If burrow A cross cuts burrow B, which formed in a shallower tier? |
A. It must for below in able to be cross cut |
|
|
what happens to burrow size as oxygen levels decrease? |
Reduces |
|
|
what is the name given to the study of fossil communities |
Plaeosynecology |
|
|
Whichichnofacies indicates mobile, sandy substrates and is dominated by verticaldomichnia?
|
Skolithos ichnofacies
|
|
|
What term is given to fossil taxa that temporarily disappearfrom the rock record, e.g. in the aftermath of extinction events?
|
Lazarus Taxa
|
|
|
Whichlarge igneous province is associated with the Late Triassic mass extinctionevent?
|
(CAMP) Central Atlantic Magmatic Provence |
|
|
Namean important use of microfossils in geology?
|
Namean important use of microfossils in geology?
|
|
|
Give anexample of a method used in the preparation of sediment samples for microfossilanalysis?
|
Dating/correlatingrocks (biostratigraphy) and past environments (climate change).
|
|
|
Give anexample of a method used in the preparation of sediment samples for microfossilanalysis?
|
Foraminifera- Washing (water, chemicals, sieving, picking); heavy liquid concentration.
|
|
|
Name a microfossil group which has a calcareous shell?
|
Ostracods, Coccolithsand discoasters, Foraminifera.
|
|
|
Name a microfossil group which has a siliceous shell?
|
Radiolarians, Diatoms.
|
|
|
The life cycle of foraminifera is characterised by analternation between two generations – one that reproduces sexually and one thatreproduces asexually. Name these 2 generations?
|
Gamont (sexually), Agamont (asexually)
|
|
|
In the classification of foraminifera, Loeblich and Tappan(1964) recognised 5 suborders. Name the suborder of foraminifera which haveimperforate, porcelaneous calcareous walls?
|
Miliolina |
|
|
. In the classification of foraminifera, Loeblich and Tappan(1964) recognised 5 suborders. Name the suborder of foraminifera which haveperforate, hyaline calcareous walls?
|
Rotallina |
|
|
In the classification of foraminifera, Loeblich and Tappan(1964) recognised 5 suborders. Name the suborder of foraminifera that useforeign particles to make their tests and cement them together with eitherorganic or calcareous cements?
|
Textulariina –agglutinated (Two not mentioned in previous questions - Allogromiina – organicand microgranular calcareous (extinct, Palaeozoic only).
|
|
|
In themorphology of foraminifera, what term is used for the chamber arrangement wherechambers are coiled in a helical spire?
|
Trochospiral
|
|
|
Name an abiotic environmental factor that controls thedistribution and abundance of benthic foraminifera?
|
Temperature – polar-tropical;upper limit 45°C, Dissolved oxygen – variable, Nutrients – chemicals necessaryto promote productionthrough photosynthesis by plants; oligotrophic (low),mesotrophic (moderate) and eutrophic (high), Tides, Substrate.
|
|
|
Name an important biotic environmental factor that controlsthe distribution and abundance of benthic foraminifera?
|
Competition – betweenindividuals of same species (intraspecific) or between different species(interspecific), Space, Food supply.
|
|
|
Inthe study of modern foraminifera, what is the name of the non-vital stain thatis commonly used to differentiate ‘live’ from ‘dead’ individuals?
|
Rose Bengal |
|
|
The proportions of three wall structures of foraminifera arecommonly plotted on ternary diagrams to differentiate particularlyshallow-water environments. Name these 3 wall structures?
|
Textulariina –agglutinated, Miliolina – imperforate porcelaneous, Rotaliina – perforatehyaline calcite
|
|
|
Namea diversity index that is commonly used in the study of benthic foraminifera?
|
Fisher alpha index |
|
|
Larger foraminifera are said to be adapted tonutrient deficient conditions. What term is used for nutrient deficientconditions? |
oligotrophic |
|
|
Givethe name of a genus of larger foraminifera?
|
Nummulites.
|
|
|
Namean area on Earth where the environment is described as ‘hypersaline
|
Arabian Gulf |
|
|
Namea genus of benthic foraminifera that is typical of lagoonal environments?
|
Bulimina |
|
|
What morphological features are typically associated withbenthic foraminifera that occupy an epifaunal microhabitat?
|
|
|
|
Name two key morphological features of planktic foraminifera?
|
Globular chambers,Open apertures, Uniform distribution of pores over surface.
|
|
|
Name an important ecological factor that controls thedistribution and abundance of planktic foraminifera?
|
Temperature (Diversityand size increase towards lower latitudes, 5 major faunal provinces; 1. Polar2. Subpolar 3. Transitional-temperate 4. Subtropical 5. Tropical), Salinity(intolerant of Brackish/hyposaline water (<32 ‰)
|
|
|
48. It is known that planktic foraminifera occupy differentdepths within the water column. Typically, what are the morphologicalcharacteristics of species that occupy surface waters?
|
Spinose and/or symbiontbearing - thinner-walled, smaller.
|
|
|
It is known that planktic foraminifera occupy differentdepths within the water column. Typically, what are the morphologicalcharacteristics of species that occupy deeper waters? |
Non-spinose and/or keeled species – Thicker walled, larger. |
|
|
The coiling direction of the planktic foraminifera Neogloboquadrinais commonly used for reconstructing past water temperatures. Name the speciesthat coils in an anticlockwise direction (left/sinistral) and dominates incolder water?
|
Pachyderma (Incompta =Dextral)
|
|
|
What is a refractive curve |
Randomly re - sampling a pool of N samples multiple times and then plotting the average number of species found in each sample |
