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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
2/3 of the heart is ____ of the sternum.
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left
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There are 3 layers of the heart. The ____ is the outermost layer. The ___ is the middle layer. The ____ is the innermost layer.
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epicardium
myocardium endocardium |
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The _____ is the thickest layer of the heart and is responsible for contraction.
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myocardium
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____ are the stringy, white looking structures that anchor the AV valves and make sure they open and close properly.
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Chordae Tendineae
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There are 4 heart valves. The AV valves are the ____ and ____. The semilunar valves are the _____ and _____.
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Tricuspid and mitral
Aortic and pulmonic |
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Blood flow from the body and through the heart is...
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SVC/IVC-->R. atrium--> tricuspid valve-->R. ventricle--> pulmonic valve--> pulmonary artery--> lungs--> pulmonic vein--> L. atrium--> mitral valve--> L. ventricle--> Aortic valve--> Aorta--> body
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Coronary arteries arise off the base of the _____.
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aorta
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The ____ deliver oxygen to the heart.
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right and left coronary arteries
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_____ deliver blood to the coronary sinus and back to the right atrium.
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Cardiac veins
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The Left main coronary artery divides into the ____ and the _____.
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left anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery.
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Once the myocardium uses it's oxygen, deoxygenated blood moves back into the right atrium via the ______.
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cardiac veins
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The ____ is the sequence of events in one heartbeat.
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Cardiac cycle
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The cardiac cycle is the...
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beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next.
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During systole the ventricles ____.
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contract
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During diastole the ventricles _____.
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relax
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The S1 sound is ____.
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Lub
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S1 is associated with the closure of the ____ valves.
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AV- tricuspid and mitral
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The S2 sound is ____.
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Dub
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S2 is associated with the closure of the _____ valves.
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Semilunar- Aortic and Pulmonic
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Heart sounds are made by the
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closure of the valves.
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S1 occurs at the onset of _____.
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systole
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S2 occurs at the onset of ______.
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diastole
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During diastole the _____ are closed.
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Semilunar valves
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During systole the ____ are closed.
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AV valves
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_____ is the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles in one minute.
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Cardiac output
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Cardiac output is determined by ___ and ____.
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stroke volume and heart rate
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Cardiac output averages between ____L/min.
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4-8
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Cardiac output involves 4 factors:
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-Preload
-Afterload -Contractility -Heart Rate |
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Stroke volume is determined by
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preload, afterload and contractility
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_____ is the stretch of myocardial fibers just before contraction. It is influenced by the blood volume to the right side of the heart.
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Preload
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Preload is based on _____.
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Frank Starling's Law of the Heart
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Frank Starling's law of the heart states that the greater the stretch the more forceful the ____. But overstretching the muscle fibers results in _____.
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contraction
ineffective contraction |
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____ is the force the left ventricle has to overcome to pump blood out into circulation.
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afterload
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When a patient has longstanding HTN, they have problems with _____.
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afterload
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Afterload is affected by systemic or peripheral vascular _____.
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resistance
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____ is the ability of the myocardium to contract and relax.
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Contractility
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Contractility is associated with the availability of _____.
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Ca+
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Contractility is increased by ____ and therefore is affected by the _____.
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Sympathetic nervous system
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____ and contractility typically go hand in hand.
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Heart rate
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____ is regulated by the autonomic nervous system.
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Heart rate
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The SNS ____ heart rate.
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increases
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The PNS ____ heart rate.
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decreases
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___ is the fraction or percent of blood that is ejected by each contraction.
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Ejection fraction
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Normal EF is _____.
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55-70%
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Ejection Fraction is normally measured in the ____ because this is the heart's main pumping chamber.
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left ventricle
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Possible causes of chest pain are
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cardiac, musculoskeletal, pleural, gastrointestinal, pulmonary
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All CP is considered ____ until that is ruled out.
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cardiac
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The _____ valve is auscultated at the 2nd ICS RtSB.
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Aortic
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The _____ valve is auscultated at the 2nd ICS LtSB.
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Pulmonic
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The _____ valve is auscultated at the 4th ICS LtSB.
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Tricuspid
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The _____ valve is auscultated at the 5th ICS LtMCL.
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Mitral
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The Apical pulse or PMI is auscultated at the same area as the _____ valve.
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Mitral
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Lub is S1 and is auscultated with the closure of the ___ and ___ valves.
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mitral and tricuspid
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Dub is S2 and is auscultated with the closure of the ___ and ____ valves.
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aortic and pulmonic
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Normal changes of the CV system with aging include: the baroreceptors become _____ making the patient more prone to orthostatic hypotension and the aorta and other arteries become stiffer causing ______.
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less sensitive
increased SBP |
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Normal changes in the CV system with aging include:
valves and heart chambers thicken putting patient at risk for ____ and veins dilate and valves become incompetent causing ______. |
murmurs
edema to lower extremities |
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Onset of heart disease is earlier in _____.
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men
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Men have ____ angina symptoms.
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typical
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Cardiac pain in men is described as
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substernal, crushing pain.
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Onset of heart disease in women is typically ___ years later than with men.
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10
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Women often have ____ angina symptoms.
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atypical
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Cardiac issues in women often present as ____ and ____.
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fatigue and nausea.
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