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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Chemistry?
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The science of the structure and interactions of matter.
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What is organic chemistry?
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the compunds important to life: carbon compounds
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How many elements are in the periodic table of elements?
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112
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How many elements are naturally occuring on earth?
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96
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How many elements are normally present in the human body?
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26
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Which 4 elements make up 96% of the human body's mass?
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Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen
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What are atoms?
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the smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of an element
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The nucleus contains:
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neutrons (no charge) and protons (postive charge)
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The number of protons determines:
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the atomic number
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Around the nucleus is:
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a cloud of electrons (negative charge)
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The number of electrons = the number of:
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protons, unless an outside source takes an electron or proton away.
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electrons shells
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where electrons orbit.
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the first electron shell holds:
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2 electrons
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the 2nd electron shell holds up to:
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8 electrons
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the 3rd electron shell holds up to:
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8 electrons
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the 4th electron shell holds up to:
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18 electrons
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Atoms are happiest when:
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their outer shell is full
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Ion
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an atom with a postive or negative charge because it has gained or lost electrons
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ionization
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process of giving up or gaining electrons
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cation
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postive charged ion
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anion
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negative charged ion
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superoxides
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oxygen molecule with extra electron, linked to a variety of pathologies including cancer, artherosclerosis, Alzheimer's and cataracts.
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valence shell
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outer electron shell
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inert gases
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elements with full outer shells and do not interact with anything
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ionic bond
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very strong, solid at room temperature, dissolve when put in water, opposites attract
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covalent bond
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most common bond in the body, shared electrons, don't break apart in water
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hydrogen bonds
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bind 2 parts of a molecule, 5% as strong as a covalent bond, forms 3-D shape, opposites attract.
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Partial positive
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when the electrons spend their time away from the atom
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partial negative
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when the electrons stick around a certain atom in a molecule
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What is the only small moelcule that is liquid at room temperature?
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water
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What kind of bond holds organic compounds together?
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Covalent bonds
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What are the 4 major types of organic compounds?
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sugars (carbs), fatty acids (lipids), amino acids/proteins, nucleotides (DNA and RNA)
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What are the 7 functions of a protein?
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1. Coordinated movement
2. structure and mechanical strength 3. communication- receptors 4. immune protection- antibodies 5. control of growth and differentiation 6. transport and storage 7. enzymatic catalysis enzymes |
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Protein are built from:
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amino acids
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What is the basic structure for all amino acids?
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Central carbon atom with 4 groups: amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (CO2OH), hydrogen atom (H), and a side chain
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Amino acids are linked to each other by:
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peptide bonds
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link of many amino acids is called a:
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peptide chain
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What is the primary structure of a protein?
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string of amino acids
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what is the secondary structure of a protein?
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helix shape
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What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
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3-D structure
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What is the quarternary structure of a protein?
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long chains of 3D structures
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Function of a protein is determined by:
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the amino acid sequence
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If you change the amino acid sequence:
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you end up with a non-functional protein (ex. sickle cell anemia)
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What is denatured?
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When a protein encounters an altered environment, it could unravel and lose its characteristic shape (ex. temp too high)
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