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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
nutrients subject to def and tox
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nutrients subject to def and tox:
1. E 2. protein 3. minerals 4. vitamins 5. water |
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causes of def
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causes of def:
1. reduced feed intake 2. low nutrient bioavailability in ingredients - eg P in di-Ca P vs P in grains and bound phytate complex 3. diet formulation or prep error 4. variations in nutrient req of animal 5. excesses: - element interactions: Ca-P, Ca-Zn, Ca-Fe-Zn |
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energy def
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energy def:
- cause: inappropriate allotment of feed, poor pasture (drought) - results: 1, low production 2. retarded growth 3. delayed puberty 4. low repro performance |
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Lactic acidosis
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Lactic acidosis (grain overload):
- excessive intake of high E feed and reduced effective fiber intake - lactic acid formation causes depressed rumen pH, impaired fx - acute dz: dehydration, acidosis, toxemia, incoordination, coma, death |
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predisposing factors of lactic acidosis
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predisposing factors of lactic acidosis:
- sudden change to high E ration - voluntary feed aversion: palatability, animal behavior (apetite) |
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pregnancy toxemia/ ketosis
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pregnancy toxemia/ ketosis/ twin lamb disease:
- small R in last 6 weeks of pregnancy, especially with multiple fetuses - negative E balance, followed by breakdown of ffa's to ketone bodies: acetoacetate, acetone, hydroxybutyrate - coma, death |
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predisposing factors of pregnancy toxemia/ ketosis
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predisposing factors of pregnancy toxemia/ ketosis:
- reduction in feed intake: poor quality forage - increased E demand by fetal growth, lactation - sudden change in feed |
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beta oxidation
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beta oxidation:
fa's --(-2C)--> acetyl CoA: 1. ketone bodies: acetoacetic acids, beta-hydroxyl butaric acid, acetone -or- 2. TCA --> ATP |
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lactational ketosis/ fatty liver dz
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lactational ketosis/ fatty liver dz:
- heavy producing dairy cows - high glucose demand to support lactose production - like pregnancy toxemia, but ketone bodies synthesized back into fatty acids and stored in liver cells - leads to liver dz |
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prevention of lactational ketosis/ fatty liver dz
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prevention of lactational ketosis/ fatty liver dz:
- appropriate dietary management - ensure early lactation diet has recommended protein and E - avoid excessive grain |
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periparturient hypocalcemia (milk fever)
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periparturient hypocalcemia (milk fever):
- dairy cattle following calving - rapid loss of Ca to milk ( normal serum Ca 8-12mg/dl) - tx: 50-75 ml Ca borogluconate IV |
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prevention of periparturient hypocalcemia (milk fever)
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prevention of periparturient hypocalcemia (milk fever):
- appropriate dietary Ca and P at late pregnancy and lactation - wheat or oat straw: low in Ca (0.1-0.2%), supplement with Ca |
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hypomagnesemia (grass tetany)
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hypomagnesemia (grass tetany):
<1.2mg/dl, early lactation - acute muscular spasma, ataxia, convulsions, death - common: beef cattle on lush pasture - sporadic: dairy cattle, small R - grasses: less Mg than legumes, reduced more when growing rapidly |
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tx, prevention hypomagnesemia (grass tetany)
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hypomagnesemia (grass tetany):
-tx: IV Mg and Ca - prevention: 1. supplement Mg from early pregnancy to early lactation 2. dietary Mg: =<0.4% dry matter |
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water deficiency
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water deficiency:
1. dec feed intake and production 2. dehydration 3. rapid weight loss 4. delayed digestion, assimilation and excretion of waste products through urine prolonged: - thickened blood, inc T, death |
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urolithiasis
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urolithiaisis:
- met dz of male (N and I) R - formation of concretions within urinary tract, obstructing outflow |
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urolithiasis cause
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urolithiasis cause:
1. high concentrate diet with mineral imbalance, resulting high P diet 2. high P levels in blood and urine 3. Mg and ammonium phosphate precipitate to form calculi: sand-like particles (5-10cm) |
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urolithiasis prevention
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urolithiasis prevention:
1. dietary Ca:P of 2:1 2. salt included in diet at 1-2 of total DM intake to stimulate diuresis 3. adequate water 4. avoid high P diets |
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protein deficiency
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protein deficiency:
- most limiting factor in R on poor, non-legumous pasture 1. retarded growth, emaciation 2. low milk production 3. attraction to blood: tail biting in pigs, cannibalism in poultry 4. delayed estrus, impaired repro 5. difficult parturition and retained placenta 6. reduced immunity 7. kwashiorkor-like symptoms in baby piglets 6. unthriftness |
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minerals
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minerals:
- 22 inorganic minerals 1. macro: Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, Mg, S 2. micro or trace: B, Co, Cr, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Si, Zn, Al, Pb, Li - NRC tables |