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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the popliteal artery a continuation of?
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femoral artery
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What innervates the skin covering the popliteal fossa?
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posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
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What do the genicular arterials anastomosis supply?
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joints
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Name the 5 genicular arterial anastomosis.
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lateral superior, medial superior, middle, lateral inferior, medial inferior
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What do the sural arteries supply?
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gastrocnemius
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Which 2 arteries are the only blood supply to the leg and foot?
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anterior and posterior tibial arteries
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What are the major branches of the popliteal artery?
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sural artery, andterior and posterior tibial arteries
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What does the popliteal vein ascend through?
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adductor hiatus
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When does the sciatic nerve divide? What nerves does it divide into?
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just before entering popliteal fossa
tibial and common fibular |
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Which muscles does the tibial nerve supply?
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gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, popliteus, and tibialis posterior muscles
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The cutaneous branches of the tibial nerve form in the fossa and provide sensation via thich nerve?
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sural cutaneous nerve
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What does the sural nerve supply?
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skin of the lateral and posterior portion of the leg, distal to the mid-calf
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What forms the sural communicating nerve?
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branch from the common fibular nerve
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Which nerves form the sural nerve?
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sural communicating nerve and sural cutaneous nerve
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What are the branches of the common fibular nerve?
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lateral sural cutaneous and sural communicating nerve
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What forms the anterior boundary (floor) of the fossa? What is its function?
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popliteus
rotate the thigh w/ respect to the leg |
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From superficial to deep the important relationships include...
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tibial nerve, popliteal vein and popliteal artery
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Why is the common fibular nerve suseptible to injury?
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it runs out of the fossa nerve runs out of the fossa near the head of the fibula-superficial
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Why is the popliteal fossa clinically significant?
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importance for ER and peripheral vascular disease
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What joins the tibia and fibula?
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fibrous interosseous membrane
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Where can the common fibular nerve be palpated?
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just below the head of the fibula
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Which bone is the shin bone?
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anterior border of tibia
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What does the tuberosity of the tibia receive?
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popliteal ligament
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Does the fibula participate in forming the knee joint?
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no
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What does the lateral malleolus articulate with?
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tibia and talus
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What part of the leg is continuous with the fascia lata of the thigh? (around popliteal fossa)
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deep or crural fascia
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What are continuations of the crural fascia?
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anterior and posterior intermuscular septa
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What do the anterior and posterior intermuscular septa attach to?
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fibula
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What helps divide the leg into three muscular compartments?
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anterior and posterior intermuscular septa and interosseous membrane
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What is the extension of the crural fascia running from the medial border of the crural fascia to the lateral aspect of the crural fascia?
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transverse intermuscular septum
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What does the transverse intermuscular septum subdivide?
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the posterior compartment into deep and superficial compartments, serves as point of attachment for underlying muscles
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What are the muscles in the anterior crural compartment responsible for?
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extension or dorsiflexion of foot
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What are the boundaries of the anterior compartment?
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anteriorly and laterally, the crural fascia; medially, the tibia; posteriorly and laterally, the interosseous membrane and anterior intramuscular septum
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What is the chief dorsiflexor (extensor) of the foot?
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tibialis anterior
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Where does the tendon of the tibialis anterior insert?
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base of 1st metatarsal
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What is the action of the extensor digitorum longus?
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extends lateral four toes and dorsiflexes foot
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What is the action of the peroneus tertius?
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helps raise lateral edge of the foot
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Which muscle is responsible for both dorsiflexion of the foot and hyperextension of the great toe?
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extensor hallucis longus
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Where do tendons of the anterior muscle group pass with respect to the ankle?
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anterior to ankle
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Which muscles does the deep fibular nerve supply?
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all the muscles of the anterior compartment plus extensor digitorum and hallucis brevis
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Where are the extensor digitorum and hallucis brevis located? What is their action?
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dorsal surface of foot
hyperextend the great and small phalanges |
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What is the action of muscles in the lateral crural compartment?
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raise lateral border of foot (elevators), eversion of the foot, aids in positioning the foot during the gait
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Which compartment has these boundaries-medially, fibula; anteriorly, anterior intermuscular septum; laterally, crural fascia; posteriorly, posterior intermuscular septum?
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lateral crural compartment
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Discuss the blood supply of the lateral crural compartment.
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no artery of its own, it receives branches from the anterior tibilar artery
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Which muscles are located in the anterior crural compartment?
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tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum long, peroneus tertius, extensor hallucis longus
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Which muscles are located in the lateral crural compartment?
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peroneus longus and brevis
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Where does the peroneus longus attach? brevis?
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longus-inferior surface @ 1st metacarpal
brevis-5th metacarpal |
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Where do tendons of the lateral muscle group cross the ankle joint?
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behind lateral malleolus
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Which nerve supplies the lateral crural compartment?
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superficial peroneal nerve
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What is the action of the posterior crural compartment?
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plantarflex the foot, flex the toes, and raise the medial edge of the foot (invertors)
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What are the boundaries of the posterior crural compartment?
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anterior formed by tibia, interosseus membrane and fibula
posterior, lateral and medial sides enclosed by crural fascia |
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What are the 2 smaller compartments of the posterior compartment?
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deep transverse intramuscular septum
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Name the superficial posterior group muscles of the leg.
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gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris
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Where do tendons of the superficial posterior group muscles pass with respect to the ankle?
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behind ankle
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What is the action of the gastrocnemius? How many joints does it cross?
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flexion of the leg and plantarflexion of the foot
2 |
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What is the action of the soleus? How many joints does it cross?
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major plantarflexor of the foot
crosses only at ankle joint |
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What is the action of the plantaris?
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vestigial in man
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Name the deep posterior group muscles.
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flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior
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Where do the tendons of the deep posterior group muscles pass?
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behind the medial malleolus
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Does the flexor hallucis longus arise laterally or medially? Where does it insert?
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arises laterally, ends medially at the 1st metatarsal
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Which of the deep posterior group muscles is the deepest?
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tibialis posterior
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What is the action of the flexor hallucis longus?
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flexes great toes, assists during toe-off (push) in gait
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What is the action of the flexor digitorum longus?
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flexes lateral 4 toes, plantarflexes foot
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What is the action of the tibialis posterior?
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principal invertor of foot, assists in positioning the foot relative to the terrain
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Which nerve supplies the posterior compartment?
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tibial N
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What are the motor nerves of the leg?
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tibial, common fibular, deep fibular and superficial fibular
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Name the superficial nerves of the leg.
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saphenous, common fibular, superficial fibular, sural, (and deep fibular-a little)
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What is the only branch of the femoral nerve that extends beyond the thigh?
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saphenous
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What does the saphenous nerve innervate?
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medioanterior and medial surfaces of the leg and the side of the foot
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What does the common fibular nerve innervate?
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skin overlying upper fibula and anterolateral skin of the leg via lateral cutaneous branches
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Which nerve innervates the skin on the front of the ankle and dorsum of foot?
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superficial fibular N
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The sural nerve contains fibers from which 2 nerves?
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tibial and common fibular
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What does the sural nerve innervate?
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lateral and posterior skin of distal leg and lateral side of foot
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In addition to supplying the anterior muscle compartment what else does the deep fibular nerve supply?
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tiny patch of skin between big and second toes
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How does the leg gets its blood supply?
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tibial artery via the popliteal artery
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When does the tibial artery divide? What are its branches?
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upon passing deep to the tendinous arch of soleus
anterior and posterior tibial arteries |
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Name the branches of the anterior tibial artery.
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posterior and anterior tibial recurrent to genicular anastomosis, muscular branches to anterior (extensor) compartment, anterior and lateral malleolar arties, dorsalis pedis
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Name the branches of the posterior tubial artery.
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circumflex tibial, fibular artery, midial malleolar branch, calcaneal branch, various muscular branches including sural artery and medial and lateral plantar arteries
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What does the circumflex tibial supply?
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genicular anastomosis
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What does the fibular artery supply?
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muscular arterial branches to the posterior and lateral crural compartments
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Which side medial or lateral does the calcaneal branch supply to the calcaneous?
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medial
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Which artery supplies the gastrocnemius?
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sural
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Where do the medial and lateral plantar arteries form?
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flexor retinaculum
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Are deep veins always deep tot he crural fascia?
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yes
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Which side of the foot and leg does the great saphenous vein drain? small saphenous?
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great-medial
small-lateral |
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What is the action of the tibialis anterior with respect to gait and posture? Does the muscle shorten or lengthen during this action?
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used to smoothly lower sole of foot to ground just after heel-strike, used as invertor, helps position the foot when walking on uneven terrain
lengthens |
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What is the action of the extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus with regards to gait? Are these muscles extensors (doriflexors)
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aids the tibialis anterior in smoothing the gait at heel-strike
no, only when standing on one's heels |
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What is the action of the peroneus (fibularis) tertius with regards to gait?
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everts the foot (raises lateral edge), helps position foot squarely on ground
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What is the action of the gastrocnemius during walking? Which musclen assists it?
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provides push at toe-off, raises body against gravity (tip-toes), during erect posture the body's center of mass lies in front of ankle joint-helps keep from falling forward, keeps tibia balanced on top of talus
soleus assists |
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When is the soleus most active?
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during running or jumping
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What is the action of the flexor digitorum longus when walking?
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allows lateral toes to grip the in-sole of a shoe
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In muscle compartment syndrome what can be affected? What is the cause?
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nerve damage, tibialis proterior can be buried in the comparment on 3 of its four walls, due to muscle builup
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What is Osgood-Schlatter's Disease?
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exceptional exertion of quadricep muscles, undue strain on tibial tuberosity, pain and swelling can also damage epiphysial growth plate
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The injury of which nerve can cause drop foot gait? Where is the common fibular nerve suseptible to injury?
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common fibular nerve
close to surface posterior to lateral malleolus |
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Which compartments can lose motor control when the common fibular nerve is damaged? What action is the body unable to do?
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anterior and lateral
dorsiflexion of foot |
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Severe inversion at the ankle will tear what ligament?
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anterior talofibular ligament
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What is the name of the fracture in which the distal fibula snaps a few cm above the inferior tibiofibular joint? Describe a severe case.
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Pott's fracture
avulsion of the medial malleolus |
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What is housemaid's or surfer's knee? What causes it?
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a form of bursitis, subcutaneous infrapatellar and superficial bursae are inflammed
excessive pressure and fricion on patella/tibial tuberosity |