第２課・上級へのとびら Grammar From 文法ノート

Front 1

日本語は〜話す相手によって話し方を変えなければいけないことがあります。

Back 1

There are times in Japanese when you have to change the way you speak based on the partner you're talking to.

Hint 1

V–nai(なければいけない）。
　Expresses idea of obligation (i.e. have to; must; should). "いけない”　 is used when the sense of obligation is directed towards the hearer, in the sense of "you (all) should..."

Front 2

まだちょっとしなきゃなんあいことがあるんだ。

Back 2

I still have some things to do.

Hint 2

V–nai (なきゃなんあい。)

used to indicate a sense of obligation. It is the very contracted form of なければならない　(ー＞なきゃならない　ー＞なきゃなんない。) use of ならない indicates the speakers own sense of obligation (I have to; must; should)

Front 3

調べなきゃならないことがあるので、図書館に行って来る。

Back 3

I have things I have to research so I'm going to the library.

Hint 3

(V–nai) (なきゃならない）。
expresses idea of personal obligation (because of naranai). It is shortened from なければならない　(ー＞なきゃならない　ー＞なきゃなんない。)

Front 4

病院に行って来なくちゃなんない。

Back 4

I have to go to the hospital.

Hint 4

V–nai (なくちゃなんない）

expresses personal sense of obligation (due to naranai). It is shortened from なくてはならないー＞なくちゃならないー＞なくちゃなんない。

Front 5

明日はもっと早く起きなくちゃ。

Back 5

I have to wake up earlier tomorrow.

Hint 5

V–nai なくちゃ。
Expresses obligation. Shortened from なくては。 In the sentence final position the いけない／ならない　can be dropped.

Front 6

今学期は日本語やアジアの歴史などのクラスを取っています。

Back 6

This semester I am taking classes such as Japanese and Asian history.

Hint 6

N1 や　N2　など　（の／、）N3

など indicates a list is not exhaustive. When 2+ items listed they are separated by や。 N1/N2 can be words or phrases.

Front 7

日本の食べ物の中では、寿司やてんぷらなどがす好きです。

Back 7

Among Japanese foods, I like sushi, tempura and others.

Hint 7

N1 や　N2　など

N1, N2, among others.–– など indicates a list is not exhaustive. When 2+ items listed they are separated by や。 N1/N2 can be words or phrases.

Front 8

漢字は日本語の勉強で最も大切なものの一つです。

Back 8

Kanji is one of the most important things in the study of Japanese.

Hint 8

の一つです。
NはNP　{一つ／一人）だ。
X is one of the ~.

Front 9

読書は私が一番好きなことの一つだ。

Back 9

Reading is one of my favorite things.

Hint 9

NはNPの一つだ。
N is one of NP.

Front 10

モーツアルトは、最も人気がある差客か（さきゃくか=composer)の一人だ。

Back 10

Mozart is one of the most famous composers.

Hint 10

NはNPの一つだ。
N is one of NP.

Front 11

あなたにとって、一番大切な人は誰ですか。

Back 11

Who is the most important person to you?

Hint 11

Nにとって
This means "to X; for X" in a context where something (or someone) is important/useful/good/necessary/difficult etc. to X. X is usually a person, geographic unit or organization.

Front 12

ペンの代わりに鉛筆（えんぴつ）を使って書いてください。

Back 12

Use a pencil instead of a pen to write, please.

Hint 12

Nの代わりに
is used to present something/someone that is replacing or has replaced something/someone.

Front 13

母が病気だったので、（母の）代わりに私が晩ご飯を作ります。

Back 13

Because mom is ill, I'll be making dinner instead.

Hint 13

Nの代わりに
is used to present something/someone that is replacing or has replaced something/someone. When the context is clear, the Nの can be omitted, as we see here.

Front 14

父は家族のためにいっしょうけんめい働いている。

Back 14

Father works his hardest for the sake of his family.

Hint 14

N/non–past,plain V (のために)
indicates either purpose or reason/cause, and in certain contexts connotes "for the benefit," which is the case here. It can translate to "in order to; for the purpose of; for; for the sake of"

Front 15

日本の会社で働きたいと思うている。そのためにはもっと日本語が上手にならなくては行けない。

Back 15

I want to work at a Japanese company. For that purpose, I need to become more skilled at Japanese.

Hint 15

N/non–past,plainV (のために)
indicates either purpose or reason/cause. It can translate to "in order to; for the purpose of; for; for the sake of"

Front 16

コンピュータが壊れたために、レポートが書きませんでした。

Back 16

Because my computer broke, I didn't write my report.

Hint 16

past,plainV のため（に）
indicates cause or reason. It is more formal that から and ので。

Front 17

勉強が忙しいため、友達と合う時間がない。

Back 17

Because I'm busy with my studies, I don't have time to meet with my friends.

Hint 17

~(na) adjectiveのため（に）
indicates cause or reason. It is more formal that から and ので。

Front 18

トムさんは日本語が上手なため、ときどき通訳（つうやく=interpreter) を頼まれる（たのまれる）。

Back 18

Due to Tom being good at Japanese, he is sometimes asked to be an interpreter.

Hint 18

~(i) adjective のため（に）
indicates cause or reason. It is more formal that から and ので。

Front 19

九州か四国へ行く。
本か雑誌が（ある）。
友達か家族と旅行に行く。

Back 19

I will go either to kyushu or shikoku.
There are either books or magazines.
I will go travel with either my friends or family.

Hint 19

N1 か N2 (Prt)
is used to present two alternatives. In the case that the second alternative has a particle, the second か is dropped, as here.

Front 20

その店がおいしかったかまずかったか覚えていますか。

Back 20

Do you remember whether (the food at) that store was delicious or bad?

Hint 20

AかBか　
is used to present alternatives.
meaning: "either A or B;" "whether A or B"

Front 21

その店、おいしいんでしょ。

Back 21

That restaraunt is pretty good, isn't it?

Hint 21

~でしょ
is the shortened version of ~でしょう　which with a rising intonation is used to elicit the hearer's confirmation; with a falling intonation indicates conjecture. Women traditionally use でしょう （the polite version of だろう）and in casual conversation it is shortened to でしょ。

Front 22

このケーキ、おいしいだろう。

Back 22

This cake is good, isn't it?

Hint 22

~だろうwith a rising intonation is used to elicit the hearer's confirmation; with a falling intonation indicates conjecture.　Men use だろう, which is the informal of でしょう。In casual conversation the final う　tends to drop.

Front 23

これは、１年生の学生によく見られる間違いです。

Back 23

This is a mistake that can often be observed among first year students.

Hint 23

Nが見られる。
uses the passive form of 見る which is "be observed," and also "can observe/see."
Directly means: (something) is observed; (one) can see/observe

Front 24

日本人の友達ができてから、日本語が上手に話せるようになった。

Back 24

Ever since making Japanese friends, I have come to be able to speak Japanese more skillfully.

Hint 24

V.plain.nonpast.(often volitional form, as here) ようになる。
indicates a gradual change over a period of time; it means someone/thing comes to the point where he/she does (or can do) something or does not (or cannot do) something.
Meaning: "come to (be able to)

Front 25

話すようになる

Back 25

come to be able to speak

Hint 25

V.plain.nonpast.(often volitional form, as here) ようになる。
indicates a gradual change over a period of time; it means someone/thing comes to the point where he/she does (or can do) something or does not (or cannot do) something.
Meaning: "come to (be able to)

Front 26

話さないようになる

Back 26

come to not speak now/anymore.

Hint 26

V.plain.nonpast.negative ようになる。
indicates a gradual change over a period of time; it means someone/thing comes to the point where he/she does not (or cannot do) something.
Meaning: "Not V now;" Not V anymore"
Vなくなる and Vないようになる are synonymous, but the latter indicates a more gradual change.

Front 27

父は病気になってから、お酒を飲まないようになった。

Back 27

Since father became ill, he has come to not drink sake anymore.

Hint 27

V.plain.nonpast.negative ようになる。
indicates a gradual change over a period of time; it means someone/thing comes to the point where he/she does not (or cannot do) something.
Meaning: "Not V now;" Not V anymore"
Vなくなる and Vないようになる are synonymous, but the latter indicates a more gradual change.

Front 28

同じ感じまた間違えた。

Back 28

I got the same kanji wrong again.

Hint 28

また
また、S
meaning: "again; once again"

Front 29

この本は面白く、また、勉強にもなる。

Back 29

This book is interesting, moreover, it is educational.

Hint 29

また
また、S
Meaning: "also; as well; additionally; moreover; in addition"

Front 30

海外旅行に行く前にパスポートを取る必要があります。

Back 30

Before traveling overseas it is necessary to get a passport.

Hint 30

V.plain.nonpast 必要がある。
Indicates the necessity of doing something.
Meaning: "it is necessary to V;" "must V;" "have to V"

Front 31

私の国では日本に旅行に行く時、旅行ビザを取る必要はない。

Back 31

As for my country, when traveling to Japan it is not necessary to get a travel Visa.

Hint 31

V.nonpast.plain必要はない。
indicates the lack of necessity to do something. は is common with the negative ending.
Meaning: "It is not necessary to V;" "there is no need to V;" "don't have to V."

Front 32

雨の場合はテニスの試合はない。その場合、チケットは次の試合に使うことが出来る。

Back 32

If it rains there won't be a tennis match. In that case, you can use your ticket for the next match.

Hint 32

Nの場合（は／には）
DemA(この、その、etc)場合
場合 is a noun meaning "case, occasion, situation," but with a modifier it forms an adverbial phrase/clause meaning "when, if, in case." 時　can be used in place of 場合 when it does not refer to a *specific* time/occasion.

Front 33

分からない（時／場合）は、言って下さい。

Back 33

If you don't understand, please say so.

Hint 33

Vnonpast.plain場合（に／には）
場合 is a noun meaning
"case, occasion, situation," but with a modifier it forms an adverbial phrase/clause meaning "when, if, in case."
時　can be used in place of 場合 when it does not refer to a *specific* time/occasion.

Front 34

私が取っているのは、中国語ではなくて日本語です。

Back 34

What I'm taking is Japanese, not Chinese.

Hint 34

N1(では／じゃ）なく（て）N2
N1/N2 could also be phrases.

Is used to indicate a certain piece of info is wrong and, following that, provide the correct info. ではなくて　is used in written language. じゃなくて is used in spoken language.

Front 35

Q）ここですか。
A)　いいえ、ここじゃなくて、あそこです。

Back 35

Q) Is it here?
A) No, it isn't here, it's over there.

Hint 35

N1(では／じゃ）なく（て）N2
Is used to indicate a certain piece of info is wrong and, following that, provide the correct info. ではなくて　is used in written language. じゃなくて is used in spoken language.

Front 36

お土産にＴシャツを何枚かかった。

Back 36

I bought some shirts as souvenirs.

Hint 36

何＋counter+か
is the qualifier "some"

Front 37

おいしい日本のみかんをいくつかもらいました。

Back 37

I received some japanese mandarin oranges.

Hint 37

いく＋counter+か
is the qualifier "some"
Except for the words いくつ　and いく人, いく is not commonly used in modern japanese. 何 cannot be used with つ。

Front 38

忘れてしまった
what is the condensed form?

Back 38

忘れちゃった。

Hint 38

~てしまった。
is used to indicate the completion of an action OR the dissatisfaction of the speaker for having done something he/she knows he/she shouldn't have and will be in trouble for.

Front 39

買っておいた
What is the condensed form?

Back 39

買っといた。

Hint 39

from ておく meaning to do in advance, or in preparation.

Front 40

飲んでしまう。
what is the condensed form?

Back 40

飲んじゃう。

Hint 40

〜でしまう／しまった
To do something unexpectedly, completely, or unfortunately (the last meaning here)

Front 41

見せてあげる。
What is the condensed form?

Back 41

見せたげる。

Hint 41

~てあげる。
to give, allow, let.

(let someone see(something).