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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ribs
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- 18 pairs
- progressively slope caudally, producing a laterally compressed chest - rib 1: short and relatively immobile, platform for respiratory movements of mobile ca ribs |
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thoracic cage
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- long thoracic cage
- makes lumbar area appear short |
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ribs vs ox
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- ox: well-sprung ribs, bowing laterally producing a barrel shaoe
- equine ribs are more slender and ICS are wider, allowing for more expansion during activity |
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sternum
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- tilts cranio-dorsally
- helps streamline the thoracic cage - diminishes area and volume of the cr thoracic cage: decreases thoracic inlet, reducing space for esophagus, trachea, etc |
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standing position and ribs
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- caudal angle of scapula at level of 7th rib
- point of elbow at the lower part of the 5th rib/ICS |
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ribs and triceps brachii
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- as in other domestic mammals, the first 5 ribs are covered by the triceps brachii mm (as well as partly the scapula and humerus)
- have auscultation of that region impossible |
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thoracic wall
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usual borders, in the usual arrangements in mammals
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diaphragm
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- dome, gentle cranioventral slope
- vertex: lower part of the 6th ICS or rib 7 - attaches to cartilages of ribs 8-10 and thereafter more steeply to the succeeding ribs |
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crura of diaphragm
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1. right: attaches to the first 4 or 5 lumbar vertebrae via the ventral longitudinal ligament
2. left: attaches to the first 2 lumbar vertebrae |
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sternal part of diaphragm
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sternal part of the diaphragm attaches to the xiphoid cartilage
- gentle curve of the diaphragm is a response to the length of the thorax |
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significance of the costodiaphragmatic line of pleural reflection
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- line on which parietal pleura reflects from the thoracic wall to the cr surface of the diaphragm
- diaphragm attached to the costal wall caudal to this line - peritoneal cavity can be punctured ca to this line without entering the pleural cavity - normally, lung hardly reaches this line |
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fluid withdrawl from pleural cavity
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in cases of pleurisy, can withdrawl fluid by puncturing the pleural cavity through the lower portion of ICS 7
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costodiaphragmatic line of pleural reflection
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- runs ca from the 8th costal cartilage, crosses costochondral junction 9, following in a gentle curve, but with gradually increasing distance, from the costochondral junctions of the succeeding caudal ribs until it reaches the proximal end of the 18th rib
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costodiaphragmatic line of pleural reflection vs other spp
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- line gentle in dog
- diverges sharply from the costal arch, thus is steep in ox |
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costodiaphragmatic recess
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- narrow space bordered immediately by the diaphragm and thoracic wall
- within the thoracic cage, narrow and extensive -cannot auscultate lungs here |
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cupula pleurae
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-extends about 3cm beyond the first rib only on the right, as in the ox
- two sacs: 1. dorsal: ~30mm deep 2. ventral: ~25mm deep - clinical: puncture of cupula, spread of infection from ca neck - dog: both cupulae extend beyond the first rib |
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mediastinum
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- 3 zones
- thin and delicate mesothelium - poorly supported by subpleural CT - cr. is weak - ca. usually fenestrated in horse, mule and maybe donkey - |
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thoracic sx and mediastinum
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- due to mediastinal fenestrations, both sides of the mediastinum communicate
- thoracic sx requires artificial respiration when pleural cavity open - mediastinum weak in dogs, substantial in ruminants |
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lungs
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- non-lobated (no interlobar fissures)
- cr. lung separated ventrally by cardiac notch, but not divided - arbitrarily lobated into cr (apex) and ca (base) - visceral (pulmonary) pleura is slightly wrinkled, othewise smooth |
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right lung
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- larger than left
- accessory lobe - no middle lobe - lobulation is indistinct |
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left lung
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left lung relatively large compared to the size of the right in other mammals
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cardiac notches
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1. left lung: ICS 3 to 6
- use to auscultate heart 2. right lung: ICS 3 to 4 |
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lung field
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- topographical boundaries of the triangular area of contact between the thoracic wall and the lung
- virtually the same in all standing domestic animals |
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caudoventral border of the lung field
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- basal border of the lung, extending from costochondral junction 5 to the dorsal end of the penultimate rib or ICS 17
- olecranon process in region (lower ICS 5) of ventral limit - base of lung defines border |
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caudoventral border of the lung field vs ox
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- gently curved
- in ox, straight given the thinness of the border of lung in this region |
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caudal lung field
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clinical lung field
- auscultation |
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cranial border of the lung field
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- caudal edge of triceps brachii:
tricipital line, runs vertically from the ca edge of the scapula to the olecranon process or point of the elbow |
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dorsal border of the lung field
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- lateral edge of the epaxial mm whose position is roughly defined by a line between the tuber coxae and ca angle of the scapula
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lung field
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- triangular are of percussion and auscultation of the lung in the standing animal
- size and shape varies between species: large in horse (18 ribs) and small in ox (13 ribs), intermediate in pig and dog |
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heart location
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- ventral middle mediastinum
- directly cr to ventral part of diaphragm - located between ICS 5 and 6 - occupies 2/3 height of thoracic cavity |
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heart orientation
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- long axis nearly vertical (as in ox), more oblique than cat
- held in place by great blood vessels, at the base of the heart and the well-developed sternopericardiac ligament - cr border convex while ca border slightly concave - displace a little more to the left than right |
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fibrous skeleton of heart
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- part of the annulus fibrosus that surrounds the aorta contains two irregularly shaped cardiac cartilages at level of aortic wall=
cartilago cordis |
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right coronary artery
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- right dominant over left
- supplies the interventricular septum (in the subsinusoidal groove) and is part of the LV |
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coronary arteries in diff species
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1. right dominant: horse, man, pig
2. left dominant: dog, sheep, ox, supplying the interventricular septum and part of the RV |
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coronary arteries
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- arise in retrograde manner from the delicate aortic bulb
- blood flows in them continuously (systole and diastole) |
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bulb of aorta
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- appears a weak area, rupture can occur
- no other blood vessels are as highly innervated by the autonomic nerves as the coronary arteries - however, roles of either the S or PS in vasoconstriction and vasodilation are not clearly understood |
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L subclavian artery
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derives from brachiocephalic trunk, as in ruminants
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coronary veins
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great coronary vein (major vein of the heart) opens into the RA through the orifice of the coronary sinus
- minor coronary veins open directly into all the chambers of the heart |
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right azygous vein
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- as in dog, no L azygous vein
- L present in ruminants and pigs - no valves so blood can flow in both directions which can allow neoplasia to spread |
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apex beat
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- point of max auscultation
- not normally felt on palpation in the horse, except in pathological circumstances |
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percussion of heart
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-done where heart makes direct contact with the thoracic wall
- dullness on percussion: area of cardiac dullness - requires experience to interpret accurately |
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heart auscultation
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- done to obtain heart sounds
- first sounds: ventricular systole - second sound: ventricular diastole - cardiac notch used |
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valvular sounds
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1. pulmonary: L ICS 3
2. aortic valve: L ICS 4 - in aged horses, may show nodular outgrowths and fenestratons that do not effect valvular efficiency 3. L AV (mitral): L ICS 5 4. R AV: R ICS 4 |
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esophagus
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- L of thoracic inlet--> dorsal over trachea--> median
- muscular coat is striated up to about the heart, then smooth m (striated throughout in rum and dog) |
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trachea
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- occupies median position
- bifurcates over the base of the heart into larger R and smaller L bronchi |
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thymus
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- can be extensive: from close to thyroid to heart and even a little to its L in the young
- restricted to ventral part of the cranial mediastinum as the animal ages |
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vagus and recurrent laryngeal
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- both L and R
- L recurrent laryngeal n damage associated with laryngeal hemiplegia= roarers |
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lymph nodes
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- scattered in regions of activity
- large number of lymph nodes in most lymphocenters |
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intercostal nodes
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intercostal nodes in the dorsal aspect of some ICS
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mediastinal nodes
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1. cranial: along length of esophagus, trachea and thoracic inlet region
2. middle: base of heart 3. caudal: associated with the esophagus and aorta, poorly developed or absent, this portion fenestrated |
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pulmonary nodes
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usually embedded in the lung
- drain in tracheobronchial nodes along trachea and primary bronchi - very small |
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thoracocentesis
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- standing position
- middle ICS 7 - 5cm dorsal to olecranon or just dorsal to the superficial thoracic vein |
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periardiocentesis
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- ICS 4
- level of costochondral junction |
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enlarged L tracheobronchial node
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- enlarged L tracheobronchial node may place P on the L recurrent laryngeal n, pressed against the pulsating aorta
- may cause nerve degeneration and paralysis of the cricarytenoideus dorsalis m (only dilatator of larynx) = roarers, laryngeal hemiplegia |
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jugular v
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- ca half concealed by thick cutaneous colli m
- omohyoideus m lies medial in cr half of neck but is thin |
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jugular v vs carotid sheath
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- inj meant for jug may cause:
1. fatal consequences if accidentally hit common carotid a: brain damage, collapse 2. horner's syndrome or digestive upset: is vagosympathetic trunk damaged 3. laryngeal hemiplegia if L recurrent laryngeal n damaged 3. |
