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55 Cards in this Set
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- Back
fx of cannon bone
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fx sesamoids of cannon bone:
1. proximal sesamoids: cry first, fracture frequently 2. distal sesamoids: no direct articulation with the proximal (1st) phalanx 3. cannon and carpal bones also fx frequently |
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fetlock jt capsule
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fetlock jt capsule:
- palmar, large, thick - projects proximally between the cannon bone and interosseus m on palmar surface - injected medially or laterally - galls, articular windgalls or windpuffs: pathological distention |
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distal sesamoidean ligaments
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distal sesamoidean ligaments:
- fetlock - thought to be distal continuations of interosseus m 1. supeficial (straight) sl 2. intersesamoidean l 3. collateral sesamoidean ll |
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superficial (straight) sesamoidean ligament
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superficial (straight) sesamoidean ligament:
- a distal sesamoidean l (fetlock) - extends from sesamoid bones and intersesamoidean l to fibrocartilage lip on palmar aspect of proximal end of middle (2nd) phalanx - straight, long fibers |
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sesamoidean ligaments fxn
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sesamoidean ligaments fxn:
1. support fetlock 2. prevent over-extension (dorsal flexion) of the joint when foot on ground 3. dorsal branch: limits flexion of jt, prevents DF tendon from flexing joint as a result of tension when limb is on ground and jt extended |
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intersesamoidean ligament
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intersesamoidean ligament:
- a distal sesamoidean ligament (fetlock) - fibrocartilage - extends between two proximal sesamoid bones |
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collateral sesamoidean ligaments
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collateral sesamoidean ligaments:
- a distal sesamoidean l (fetlock) - medial and lateral - attach sides of the proximal sesamoid bones to the metacarpal condyles and proximal tubercles of 1st phalanx |
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middle (oblique) sesamoidean ligament
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middle (oblique) sesamoidean ligament:
- fetlock - extends from bases of sesamoids to palmar surface of proximal phalanx |
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deep (cruciate) sesamoidean ligament
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deep (cruciate) sesamoidean ligament:
- fetlock - two bands of fibers, crossing each other - from bases of sesamoids to opposite emminence on proximal end of first phalanx |
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short sesamoidean ligament
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short sesamoidean ligament:
- fetlock - two ligaments running from axial side of the bases of sesamoid bone to the abaxial side of the eminence of the proximal phalanx |
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collateral ligaments
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collateral ligaments:
- fetlock - medial and lateral - each divided into 2 layers: 1. deep: shorter and stronger 2. superficial: covers deep |
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assists interosseus m in support of fetlock
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assists interosseus m in support of fetlock?
- distal sesamoidean ligaments |
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prevents over-extension of pastern
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prevents over-extension (buckling forward) of pastern jt when foot hits ground:
1. oblique sesamoidean l 2. SDF tendon |
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pastern ( prox interphalangeal) jt
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pastern (prox interphalangeal) jt:
- fx plane jt: little movement - prox part of palmar surface of middle phalanx extended by complementary fibrocartilage - fibrocartilage enlarges the jt cavity, helps support jt - capsule extends considerably prox on both dorsal and palmar surfaces |
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coffin (distal interphalangeal) jt bones
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coffin (distal interphalangeal) jt bones:
1. distal end of middle and prox end of distal phalanx 2. distal sesamoid/ navicular bone 3. cartilages of distal phalanx: med, lat, hyaline in young and fibrocartilage in adult |
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pastern ligaments
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pastern ligaments:
1. med and lat collateral: straight, vertically oriented 2. palmar ligaments: medial (axial) and lateral (abaxial), from distal end of first phalanx to complementary fibrocartilage of middle phalanx - mostly flexion and extension |
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coffin jt capsule
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coffin jt capsule:
- extends prox on dorsal and palmar surfaces, forming pouches: 1. mid 2nd phalangeal region -and- 2. below navicular bone - joint vulnerable at these pouches |
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stay apparatus fx
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stay appartus fx:
1. standing w/ min muscular effort 2. FL and HL involved 3. FL bears more weight 55:45 |
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facies serrata
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facies serrata:
- attaches to scapula - body wt transmission to FL via serratus ventralis m - middle, vertical line drops ca to shoulder jt, through elbow jt, but cr to distal jts - limb requires support to avoid collapse on flexion of shoulder and elbow jts, plus overextension of distal jts |
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stay apparatus at pastern jt
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stay apparatus at pastern jt:
- prevents overextension 1. palmar ligaments: short and tensed -and- 2. superficial (straight) sesamoidean ligament |
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stay apparatus at fetlock jt
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stay apparatus at fetlock jt:
- prevent overextension by formidable support of 1. interosseus tendon 2. proximal sesamoid bones 3. sesamoidean ligaments 4. digital flexor tendons and accessory ligament |
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stay appartus at carpal jt
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stay apparatus at carpal jt:
- prevents overextension 1. flat nature of articular surfaces of radicarpal (antebrachiocarpal) and mid-carpal jts 2. palmar carpal ligament: holding composite bones together |
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stay apparatus at shoulder
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stay apparatus at shoulder jt:
- prevents flexion 1. biceps brachii m: tendinous 2. extensor carpi radialis m: tendinous 3. lacertus fibrosus: tendinous, unites 1&2 preventing collapse of jt - biceps tensed: biceps distal attachment and that of ext carpi radialis are fixed by body wt |
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sesamoidean ligaments of fetlock
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sesamoidean ligaments of fetlock:
- interosseus m: formerly suspensory lig, sup sesamoidean lig - homolog of canine interosseus m: little m in foal, entirely tendinous in adult - well-formed |
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FL lameness
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FL lameness:
- bears 55-60% weight - 95% lameness problems below carpus |
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shoulder bones
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shoulder bones:
- synovial, simple, ball and socket but fxn as ginglymus 1. distal scapula: glenoid cavity, no acromion process or head of deltoideus - labrum glenoidum: like that of acetabulum 2. head of humerus: larger than glenoid cavity, affording gliding movement |
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shoulder jt capsule
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shoulder jt capsule:
- thin, capacious - intertubercular bursa: b/w fibrocartilagenous tendon of origin of biceps and joint capsule |
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shoulder jt ligaments
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shoulder jt ligaments:
- none - tendons of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor and biceps brachii: active ligaments, stabilize as pass over, attach close |
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shoulder jt ligaments
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shoulder jt ligaments:
- flexion, extension - some abduction, adduction, rotation - normally partially flexed (115 deg): concussion absorption |
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cubital bones
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cubital bones:
- synovial, ginglymus 1. distal end of humerus (condyle) 2. fovea capitis of head of radius 3. trochlear notch of ulna |
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cubital jt capsule
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cubital jt capsule:
- loose - attaches on edges of articular surfaces |
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collateral cubital ligaments
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collateral cubital ligaments:
- from epicondyles of humerus to corresponding tuberosities of radial 1. medial: branched a. sup, long: ending on radius, distal to antebrachial interosseus space b. deep, short: inserts on med tuberosity of radius 2. lateral: not branched |
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cubital jt movements
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cubital jt movements:
- flexion, extension - rotation, abduction, adduction hardly permitted |
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cubital jt inj
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cubital jt inj:
- cr and ca to lateral collateral ligament |
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carpus jt gen
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carpus jt:
- synovial, compound, ginglymus - simpler than tarsus - simpler than in dog |
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carpus bones
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carpus bones:
- distal end of radio-ulnar segment, ulna not participating 1. prox row: radial intermediate, ulnar, accessory carpals 2. distal row: 1 (missing or small)- 4 3. prox ends of metacarpal bones |
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carpus jts
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carpus jts:
1. antebrachiocarpal/ radiocarpal 2. middle carpal 3. carpometacarpal 4. intercarpal: between carpal bones of each row |
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carpus jt capsule
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carpus jt capsule:
- fibrous layer - common capsule: radius proximally to metarcarpal bones distally - attaches to composite bones as passes over - thickened on dorsal and palmar surfaces |
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palmar part of carpus jt capsule
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palmar part of carpus jt capsule:
- smooth, may be cartilagenous - carpal canal: w/ accesory carpal bone and flexor retinaculum, DFs pass through - middle or distal end extends into accessory ligament: attached to DDF tendon |
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carpus synovial sacs
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carpus synovial sacs:
1. antebrachiocarpal: largest, includes jt formed by accessory carpal and between proximal intercarpal sacs 2. middle: communicates with carpometacarpal sac between 3rd and 4th carpals 3. carpometacarpal sac: very small |
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collateral ligaments of carpus
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collateral ligaments of carpus:
- medial and lateral - long, extends between radius and metacarpals - unites bones of carpus on each side |
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ligaments of carpus
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ligaments of carpus:
1. collateral 2. accesory carpal bone 3. short ligaments uniting adjacent carpal bones |
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accessory carpal bones
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accessory carpal bones:
- proximal, middle and distal ll of accessory carpal bone, joining bone the bone to: 1. ulnar carpal: AU/acessoriulnar l 2. 4th carpal: AQ/ acessorioquartal l 3. lateral splint (1V): AM/ accesorimetacarpal l |
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carpus movements
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carpus movements:
- composite: concussion absorbing - flexion and ext (up to 90 deg) - mainly in antebrachiocarpal and middle carpal - carpometacarpal: little movement, bound down by ligaments |
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carpus clin
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carpus clin:
- flexion: 2 prox jt cavities open wide - grooves overlying them can be palpated 1. damage when animal falls on flexed carpus 2. inj easily performed |
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jts of distal TL
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jts of distal TL:
1. fetlock: most freq damaged, stressed - synovial, hinge 2. coffin: 2nd most freq damaged |
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bones of fetlock
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bones of fetlock:
1. distal end of cannon bone 2. proximal end of 1st phalanx: very important component 3. proximal sesamoids: very important components - ligaments act as a sling, support |
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divisions of interosseus m
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division of interosseus m:
- at distal 1/4 cannon bone - each div 1. inserts on abaxial surface of prox sesamoid 2. detaches an oblique, dorsal branch (extensor slip) to common digital extensor tendon over dorsal surface of prox phalanx |
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fetlock clinical
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fetlock clinical:
1, jt capsule : prox extension palmarly ( articular windgalls) can be inj b/w cannon and interosseus tendon 2. fx of prox sesamoid, esp distal 1/2 = cry 3. sxn of interosseus: fetlock sinks 4. sxn of SDF tendon: fetlock sinks slightly, not grounded 5. sxn of DFs and interosseus: complete grounding (collapse) of fetlock |
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ligaments of coffin jt
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ligaments of coffin jt:
1. from phalanges to cartilages of distal phalanx 2. collateral of coffin jt 3. collateral of navicular bone 4. distal sesamoidean (navicular) impar |
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distal sesamoidean (navicular) impar ligament
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distal sesamoidean (navicular) impar ligament:
- short - from distal border of navicular bone to palmar surface of distal phalanx |
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ligaments from phalanges to cartilages of distal phalanx
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ligaments from phalanges to cartilages of distal phalanx (med/ lat):
1. chondrocompedal(ia): from prox phalanc to cartilage 2. chondrocoronal(ia): from middle phalanx to cartilage 3. chondroungular(ia): from distal phalanx to ligament |
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collateral l of coffin and navicular
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1. collateral ligaments of coffin jt:
med/lat, straight, vertically oriented 2. collateral ligaments of navicular bone: suspensory ligaments |
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stay appartus
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stay appartus:
- bear body weight in normal and appropriate stance for prolonged periods with little muscular action or effort - operates when foot placed on ground and bearing body wt |
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stay apparatus cubital jt
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stay apparatus cubital jt:
- fixed by BW, acting through the radius, distalward - tonic activity of triceps brachii (radial n damages this) prevents collapse - collateral l eccentric: ca to axis of rotation, tensed in normal standing, must be stretched to permit flexion - flexor mm (SDF, FCU and UL): ca to axis of rotation, tensed in normal standing - joint close-packed |