2-4: Microbiology/infectious Diseases - 3/14: Intro To Id Pathophysiology

Front 1

What factors have contributed to the decline of infectious diseases?

Back 1

Better antibx
Improved hygiene
Vaccine dev't
New antifungal/antiviral agents

Front 2

What epidemics have become prominent in the last 25 years?

Back 2

Hanta Virus (4 corners)
SARS
W. Nile
H5N1

(Legionella pneumonia, Lyme, H. pylori)

Front 3

Example of disease that exhibits:
Species leap
Continent leap
Continent leap and viral mutation greatly enhancing human to human transmission

Back 3

Sp leap: HIV (primates in C. Africa)
Cont leap: West Nile (by freight mosquito)
Cont leap + mutation: H5N1

Front 4

Coronavirus causes _________

Back 4

SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)

Front 5

What are other illnesses caused by ID's?

Back 5

Early onset IDDM
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic PURPURA
Asthma
Sarcoidosis
Inflamm Bowel Dz

Front 6

Why do microbes have the edge?

Back 6

Diversity, quantity
Generation time is minutes, not years
Evolve rapidly
We've helped them (travel, worldwide food commerce, antibx abuse, newer and more potent immunosuppression)

Front 7

Constitutive vs Induced Defenses

Back 7

Constitutive: Skin, mucosa, complement, phagocytosis
Induced: humoral and cellular immunity

Front 8

Exogenous vs Endogenous Agents

Back 8

Exogenous: agents in environment (common cold, malaria)

Endogenous: agents present in or on body (intestinal bacteria, bacteria on skin)

Human body is 10 bacteria: 1 cell

Front 9

How is exogenous spread accomplished? Preventive strategies?

Back 9

Food
Water
Air
Fomites (inanimate objects, ex: towels, money)
Insects
Humans
Body Fluids
FECAL ORAL

Preventive Strategies:
Sanitation
Standard of living
Immunization

Front 10

H. flu B: exogenous or endogenous?

Back 10

Exogenous

Front 11

Varicella: exogenous or endogenous?

Back 11

Exogenous

Front 12

Group A Strep: exogenous or endogenous?

Back 12

Exogenous

Front 13

What does the effect of living distance have on the transmission of Group A Strep?

Back 13

The further you live from someone, even in your own household, the lower risk of transmission

Front 14

ETEC:
Exogenous or Endogenous
Type of Contact
Type of Agent
Source
Strategy for Prevention

Back 14

ETEC = E. coli
Digestion
Bacteria
Food, water
Sanitation, cooking

Front 15

Babesia:
Exogenous or Endogenous
Type of Contact
Type of Agent
Source
Strategy for Prevention

Back 15

Exogenous
Insect bite
Parasite
Tick
Repellents, tick removal

Front 16

Colonization vs Infection

Back 16

Colonization: presence of microorganisms
Infection: presence of microorganisms with resultant damage and signs/syx of dz

Front 17

Wound Infection:
Exogenous or Endogenous
Type of Contact
Agent
Source
Risk

Back 17

Wound infection:
Endogenous
Bacteria
Skin flora
Wound

Front 18

Pneumonia:
Exogenous or Endogenous
Type of Contact
Agent
Source
Risk

Back 18

Pneumonia:
Endogenous
Bacteria (S. pneumoniae)
Oral flora, oropharyngeal flora
Risk: Impaired cilia

Front 19

Using streptococcus as an example, why is the difference between endogenous and exogenous sometimes unclear?

Back 19

Strep A (pyogenes): Pneumoccoi (Strep pneumoniae) are transient members of normal flora

Front 20

How is variation achieved in staphylococcus aureus?

Back 20

Pathogenicity islands (genetic island acq'd by horizontal gene transfer--transfer of genetic info when organism is NOT offspring)

Front 21

What are the three routes of entry to the body? Where would a pathogen go from there?

Back 21

Respiratory tract
Digestive tract
Urinary tract

Microorgs can then enter body cavity or penetrate into deeper tissues

Front 22

Cholera: body cavity or deeper tissue

Back 22

Body cavity (intestinal lumen)

Front 23

Cystitis: body cavity or deeper tissue

Back 23

Body cavity (bladder infection)

Front 24

Typhoid: body cavity or deeper tissue

Back 24

Deeper tissue: Gain access to blood from intestines

Front 25

Endocarditis: body cavity or deeper tissue

Back 25

Deeper tissue: infection of heart valves from something ingested that entered blood stream

Front 26

Strongyloides: body cavity or deeper tissue

Back 26

Deeper tissue: luminal parasite that enters deep tissue

Front 27

What is inoculum size?

Back 27

Number of bacteria/agents required for development of infection

Front 28

Shigella dysenteria: incoulum size

Back 28

few hundred

Front 29

Enterotoxigenic E. coli: inoculum size

Back 29

100 million

Front 30

What are two ways bacteria can spread locally and/or disseminate to distant sites?

Back 30

Produce enzymes to break down fibrin, CT, keratin (fungus does this in athlete's foot)

Movement: bacteria swim with flagella, worms can wiggle, amoebae can crawl

Front 31

Why isn't botulism considered an infection?

Back 31

Produces disease solely by producing a toxin

Front 32

What is an incubation period?

Back 32

Time from entry of pathogenic agent to onset of first sign or syx of dz (agent undergoes MULTIPLICATION)

Front 33

Is tissue/organ dysfunction a result of the invading agent or host?

Back 33

Can be either host, agent, or both

Front 34

2 examples of one organism, one disease

Back 34

Variola (smallpox)
Measles (rubeola)

Front 35

Example of one organism, many diseases

Back 35

Staph aureus (skin, brain, bone, etc)

Front 36

Example of one disease, many organisms

Back 36

Pneumonia (viral, bacterial, fungal)

Front 37

Does a fetus have a normal flora? Describe its first encounter with microorganisms?

Back 37

Fetuses do not have normal flora, at birth exposed to mother's flora of vaginal canal and skin (mother provides protection through serum Ab's and Ab's in colustrum--secreted in milk first few days post-partum)