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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sally Marks |
Emphasises weakness of League over Manchuria |
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Zara Steiner |
1929-1933 - connected decade of reconstruction with one of disintegration |
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Bell |
Mussolini adopted nazi ideology to unify with Hitler |
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Graebner |
Wilson's failure at Versailles led to US isolationism due to disillusionment |
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Boyce and Maiolo |
Emphasise role of economic crises |
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Collapse of Creditansalt |
Major Austrian bank May 1931 |
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Success of KPD |
77 seats in Sept 1930 elections (107 for Nazis) |
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French industrial slowdown |
Industrial production slipped 7% from 1929-1932 |
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US economic role in 1920s |
$4bn capital left US, $3bn trade |
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Russian isolation |
US refused to recognise 1920 - invasion of Poland |
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Rapallo |
1922 Between the outcasts Commercial and military ties. Helped Germany get round Versailles. Commercial treaty added in Oct 1925 Agreed to "cooperate in the spirit of goodwill" Stresemann was trying to restore German legitimacy |
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Locarno |
Oct 1925 Germans, Belgians, French recognised each other's borders Stresemann also agreed to arbitration treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia |
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London Naval Conference |
1930 US, GB, France, Japan, Italy. First three signed an agreement |
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Washington naval conference |
1921 GB forced to choose sides Five Power Treaty - Japan accepted 5-5-3 ratio between US, GB and itself. Four Power Treaty - broad alliance between US, GB, Japan, France. Nine Power Treaty - Japan recognised territorial integrity of China and guaranteed open door |
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Stimson Doctrine |
Jan 1932 Non-recognition Emulated by GB No economic sanctions |
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Hitler seductive message |
Blamed communists, Jews, financiers, politicians for Germany's woes. Took aim at Young Plan also. |
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London Economic Conference |
League called in 1932 Opened in June 1933 Main aim was currency stabilisation FDR abandoned in July, having initially supported. Japan urged trade liberalisation |
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1933 tariff |
US National Recovery Act |
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Montevideo Conference |
December 1933 FDR organised 'No Force Declaration'. Germany, France, Italy, GB signed. |
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MacDonald Plan |
March 1933 To reduce European armies by half a million men to save money. French and German equality. Supported by FDR. |
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Rise of Italian fascism |
1922 - liberal parliamentary regime overthrown |
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Briand 1929 plans |
For European federation |
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GB and French inflation problems after WW1 |
Pound declined 35% 1918-20 Franc settled at 1/6 pre-warning value |
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May 1929 |
US announced plans to raise tariffs Was world's largest exporter and creditor |
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Impact on Japan of US tariffs |
Japanese agricultural prices fell by 1/3 40% families had replied on Japanese silk production US market had absorbed 90% Japanese silk exports Dec 1931 - abandoned gold standard. Yen allowed to depreciate 50% against the dollar. |
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Japanese military spending |
Decreased 37% 1929-31 Respect for liberal government fell. March 1931 - attempted coup |
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Manchuria Crisis |
18 Sept 1931 Kwantung Army provoked incident on South Manchurian Railway. Seized three Chinese provinces. Wanted Manchurian fertile land and iron ore June 1937 - Marco Polo Bridge |
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Italian lira mistake |
Dec 1927 - restored lira to the gold standard at dangerously high level. |
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Italian economic decline |
1929-31 - Italian trade dropped 20% Mussolini crushed trade unions and implemented public works schemes 1927-1934 - Italian national output down 30% |
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Austria-Germany customs union plan |
March 1931 French gave loan to Austria in return for no union. |
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Abyssinian Crisis |
Wal Wal incident 1934 Oct 1935 invasion Domestic propaganda - would secure jobs, wealth, space |
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Weakness of Weimar Republic |
Hyperinflation of 1923 wiped out domestic savings 50% commercial bank deposits were from abroad by 1928, especially from GB and US |
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Impacts of GD on Germany |
1927 - 540,000 unemployment (post-war low) 3 million by 1929 6 million by 1932 Feb 1929 - Ruhr lock-out German industrial production fell 30% from 1929 levels. 1930 - US lending resumed |
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Nazi vote |
1932 - Hitler came second in presidential election 810,000/2%/12 seats in 1928 elections 18%/107 seats in sept 1830 elections 37%/230 seats in July 1932 Dropped again Jan 1933 - Hitler installed as chancellor |
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Impacts of GD on Germany |
Coal, textiles devastated Aug 1931 - collapse of Labour government; national government took over 1934 - FDR embarrassed GB by declarating in default of war debts |
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1933 unemployment figures |
US - 13 million; 1 million in Italy; 2.5 million in UK; 300,000 in France |
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1932 Lausanne Conference |
Suspended reparations Germany had only paid what it had been supposed to pay by May 1921 |
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Hit to GB/French empires |
GB had no fleet east of Malta French - no fleet east of Algeria Difficult to combat Japan |
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Neutrality laws |
3 between Aug 1935 and May 1937 |
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French rearmament spending |
Down 32% between 1932-34. No comprehensive program until 1936 |
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French gold standard |
Abandoned in sept 1936 |
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Germany League membership |
1926, as member of Council Stresemann still refused to recognise Germany's eastern borders as final |
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Occupation of Ruhr |
1923-25 |
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Dawes Plan |
1924 Eased London schedule of 1921 (132 billion marks) |
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International Steel Cartel |
1926 Germany, Belgium, France Quotas for private companies |
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Churchill mistake |
Restored £ to gold standard at pre-war levels. Overvalued - hurt exports. £1-$4.86 |
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Dawes Plan |
Led to triangle of payments US lent to Germans, Germans paid reps, France repaid war loans to us |
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Wall Street Crash |
Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped 70%, 1929-32 8% pop owned shares Harder for businesses to borrow |
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1930 US tariff |
Hawley-Smoot Volume of world trade fell by 25%, value by 40% |
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Who retained gold standard latest? |
By early 1932, France and US wee only two GPs to maintain gold standard |
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Young plan |
1929 Lower per annum payments and France would withdraw from Rhineland by 30 June 1930 |
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Runs on German banks |
1931 |
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GB devaluation |
By 25% after withdrawal from gold standard |
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Japan fears |
Chiba growing in strength Chiang kai-shek making significant progress in unifying the country, 1928-31 |
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Japan progress in 1920s |
1925 - universal manhood suffrage Respected member of international society |
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Japan turn to fascism |
Unemployment reached 1 million Nov 1930 - PM assassination (1 month after naval conference) 1930 - formation of Cherry Blossom Society Army officers plotted coup 1 March 1933 - Manchukuo gov established May 1932 - assassination of PM Inukai |
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German withdrawal from League |
Oct 1933 1934 - improved relations with Poland and Russia 1935 - bilateral naval treaty with GB |
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1935 events |
French-Soviet Pact Abyssinia Remilitarisation of Rhineland - Hitler had targeted this for 1937 but took advantage of Abyssinian upheaval |
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Anschluss |
1938 |
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US 1920s isolationism |
Did not respond to League correspondence until 1923 Harding - "Return to Normalcy" May 1922 - World Court had opened but US never joined 1922 Fordney-Mccumber |
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Kellogg-Briand |
1928 2 paragraphs, devoid of commitments or enforcement Gold pens "Renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy" |
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Mein Kampf quote |
"Only an adequately large space on this earth assures a nation of freedom of existence" |
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Lytton Report |
Feb 1933 Criticised Chinese provocation and Japanese actions Demanded urgent withdrawal Japan left League in March 1933 GB unwilling to sanction due to trade balance |
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GP diplomacy |
Resolved crisis between Italy and Corfu in 1923, not League |
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"Spirit of Locarno" |
GB and Italy guaranteed deal between Germany, France, Belgium Stresemann and Austen Chamberlain shared Nobel Peace Prize |
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Cause of German hyperinflation |
Printing money to pay wages of striking workers. Had to stop in 1923. Dec 1922 - Reparations committee declared GB in default of reparations payments Jan 1923 - Belgium and France occupied Ruhr |
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GB restoration of relations with Russia |
1929 labour gov |
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Germany not living within means |
1930 - borrowing 2x what it was paying in reparations. Using to build stadia, improve military. |
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Political flaw of Weimar |
Difficult to get a Reichstag majority. Unstable. |
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Withdrawal from German banks |
1.3bn marks by Dec 1930, in three months |
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Hoover moratorium |
June 1931 1 year |
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1932 disarmament conference |
Germany, Italy and Japan continued to rearm throughout eg Deutschland, 1931 Hopes for disarmament had been high in 1931, before Hitler 57 delegations Chaired by Arthur Henderson |
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German stick exchange |
Closed for 2 months in 1931 |
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Political strife |
Briand lost presidential election in 1931 Hoover lost in 1932 Lab gov collapsed in 1931 |
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GB financial strife |
Sept 1931 - withdrew from gold standard Pound ceases to be key global reserve currency France and Italy raised tariffs in response to low price GB goods |
