191 Sns Sensory Pathways

Front 1

1) The term general senses refers to sensitivity to all of the following, except

A) temperature. B) taste. C) touch. D) vibration. E) pain

Back 1

B) taste

Front 2

2) Which of the following is not one of the special senses? A) hearing B) smell C) taste D) vibration E) vision

Back 2

D) vibration

Front 3

3) The general senses

A) involve receptors that are relatively simple in structure. B) are located in specialized structures called sense organs. C) are localized to specific areas of the body. D) cannot generate action potentials. E) both A and B

Back 3

E) both A and B

Front 4

4) Which of the following can contribute to receptor specificity? A) the structure of the receptor cell B) characteristics of the receptor cell membrane C) accessory cells that function with the receptor D) accessory structures and tissues that shield the receptors from other stimuli E) any of the above

Back 4

E) any of the above

Front 5

5) Sensory transduction can involve which of the following? A) a stimulus altering the permeability of a receptor membrane B) change in the flow of ions across the sensory membrane C) the production of a receptor potential D) inhibition of neurotransmitter release E) any of the above

Back 5

E) any of the above

Front 6

6) Central adaptation refers to A) the decline in activity of peripheral receptors when stimulated. B) a characteristic of phasic receptors. C) inhibition of nuclei located along a sensory pathway. D) increases in conscious perception of a sensory stimulus. E) a change in motor receptivity of a neuron

Back 6

C) inhibition of nuclei located along a sensory pathway.

Front 7

7) Our perception of our environment is imperfect for all of the following reasons, except that A) humans lack receptors for every possible stimulus. B) receptors respond in an all-or-nothing manner. C) not all sensations lead to a perception. D) abnormal receptor function can produce sensations that have no basis in fact. E) our receptors have limited sensitivity.

Back 7

B) receptors respond in an all-or-nothing manner.

Front 8

8) Which of the following is sometimes calledprickling pain? A) mechanical damage B) chemicals C) extremes of temperature D) fast pain E) both B and D A

Back 8

D) fast pain

Front 9

9) Endorphins can reduce perception of sensations initiated by A) nociceptors. B) mechanoreceptors. C) thermoreceptors. D) chemoreceptors. E) proprioceptors.

Back 9

A) nociceptors.

Front 10

10) Thermoreceptors

A) are found within the dermis. B) are free nerve endings. C) forcoldare structurally indistinguishable from those forwarm. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C Answe

Back 10

E) A, B, and C

Front 11

11) A receptor that contains many mechanically gated ion channels would function best as a

A) tactile receptor. B) chemoreceptor. C) nociceptor. D) thermoreceptor. E) light receptor.

Back 11

A) tactile receptor

Front 12

12) A fast-adapting mechanoreceptor in the papillary layer of the dermis that responds to fine touch is a

A) tactile (Merkel) disc. B) root hair plexus. C) free nerve ending. D) Ruffini corpuscle. E) tactile (Meissner) corpuscle.

Back 12

E) tactile (Meissner) corpuscle.

Front 13

13) Receptors that monitor the position of joints belong to the category called

A) nociceptors. B) chemoreceptors. C) baroreceptors. D) proprioceptors. E) thermoreceptors.

Back 13

D) proprioceptors

Front 14

14) Mechanoreceptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are called

A) nociceptors. B) baroreceptors. C) chemoreceptors. D) proprioceptors. E) thermoreceptors.

Back 14

B) baroreceptors

Front 15

15) Tactile receptors composed of capsules that surround a core of collagen fibers intertwined with dendrites are called

A) Ruffini corpuscles. B) lamellated corpuscles. C) tactile(Meissner) corpuscles. D) tactile discs. E) root hair plexuses.

Back 15

A) Ruffini corpuscles

Front 16

16) A tactile receptor composed of highly coiled dendrites that are surrounded by modified Schwann cells and a fibrous capsule is a

A) lamellated corpuscle. B) Ruffini corpuscle. C) tactile (Meissner) corpuscle. D) tactile (Merkel) disc. E) root hair plexus.

Back 16

C) tactile (Meissner) corpuscle.

Front 17

17) A very large, fast-adapting tactile receptor that is composed of a single dendrite enclosed by concentric layers of collagen is a

A) Ruffini corpuscle. B) lamellated corpuscle. C) tactile (Meissner)corpuscle. D) tactile (Merkel)disc. E) root hair plexus. An

Back 17

B) lamellated corpuscle.

Front 18

18) A highly sensitive tactile receptor composed of dendritic processes of a single myelinated fiber that makes contact with specialized cells of the stratum germinativum is a

A) lamellated corpuscle. B) tactile (Meissner) corpuscle. C) Ruffini corpuscle. D) tactile (Merkel) disc. E) root hair plexus

Back 18

D) tactile (Merkel) disc.

Front 19

19) A fast-adapting tactile receptor that monitors movements across the body surface is a

A) tactile (Merkel)disc. B) lamellated corpuscle. C) tactile (Meissner) corpuscle. D) Ruffini corpuscle. E) root hair plexus.

Back 19

E) root hair plexus

Front 20

20) Which of the following kinds of information do fine-touch and light-pressure mechanoreceptors provide?

A) location of the stimulus. B) shape of the stimulus. C) texture of the stimulus. D) movement of the stimulus. E) all of the above

Back 20

E) all of the above

Front 21

21) Which of the following is not a property of thermoreceptors?

A) sensation conducted in same pathway as pain B) tonic response to temperature change C) found in skeletal muscle, hypothalamus, and skin D) project to reticular formation E) cold receptors outnumber warm receptors

Back 21

B) tonic response to temperature change

Front 22

22) Chemoreceptors are located in all of the following, except

A) carotid bodies. B) aortic bodies. C) in the skin. D) the organs of taste. E) the organs of smell

Back 22

C) in the skin.

Front 23

23) Which ascending tract carries the sensations for fine touch and vibration?

A) corticobulbar B) corticospinal C) posterior (dorsal) column D) spinothalamic E) both C and D

Back 23

C) posterior (dorsal) column

Front 24

4) The spinal tract that carries sensations from proprioceptors to the CNS is the

A) fasciculus gracilis. B) fasciculus cuneatus. C) spinocerebellar. D) lateral spinothalamic. E) anterior spinothalamic.

Back 24

C) spinocerebellar

Front 25

25) The spinal tract that relays information concerning pain and temperature to the CNS is the

A) fasciculus gracilis. B) fasciculus cuneatus. C) posterior spinocerebellar. D) lateral spinothalamic. E) anterior spinothalamic.

Back 25

D) lateral spinothalamic

Front 26

26) The spinal tract that relays information concerning crude touch and pressure to the CNS is the

A) fasciculus gracilis. B) fasciculus cuneatus. C) posterior spinocerebellar. D) lateral spinothalamic. E) anterior spinothalamic.

Back 26

E) anterior spinothalamic

Front 27

27) Each of the following is an ascending tract in the spinal cord, except the

A) fasciculus gracilis. B) fasciculus cuneatus. C) posterior spinocerebellar. D) reticulospinal tract. E) anterior spinothalamic.

Back 27

D) reticulospinal tract.

Front 28

28) The afferent neuron that carries the sensation to the CNS is a ________ neuron.

A) receptor B) first-order C) second-order D) third-order E) fourth-order

Back 28

B) first-order

Front 29

29) Examples of sensory modalities include

A) touch. B) warmth. C) smell. D) vibration. E) all of the above

Back 29

E) all of the above

Front 30

30) Thalamic neurons that project to the primary sensory cortex are ________ neurons.

A) receptor B) first-order C) second-order D) third-order E) fourth-order

Back 30

D) third-order

Front 31

31) Only about ________ percent of the information provided by afferent fibers reaches the cerebral cortex and our awareness.

A) 1 B) 10 C) 25 D) 50 E) 95

Back 31

A) 1

Front 32

32) Neurons from the nucleus gracilis

A) relay information directly to the cerebrum. B) decussate before entering the medial lemniscus. C) relay sensory information to the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere. D) carry both crude and fine touch. E) both A and D

Back 32

B) decussate before entering the medial lemniscus.

Front 33

33) We can localize sensations that originate in different areas of the body because A) sensory neurons carry only one modality. B) sensory neurons from specific body regions project to specific cortical regions. C) incoming sensory information is first processed by the thalamus. D) different types of sensory receptors produce action potentials of different sizes and shapes. E) of the many types of tactile receptors.

Back 33

B) sensory neurons from specific body regions project to specific cortical regions.

Front 34

34) The descending spinal tract that crosses to the opposite side of the body within the cord is the ________ tract. A) lateral corticospinal B) anterior corticospinal C) rubrospinal D) reticulospinal E) vestibulospinal

Back 34

B) anterior corticospinal

Front 35

35) The descending spinal tract that crosses to the opposite side of the body within the medulla oblongata is the ________ tract. A) lateral corticospinal B) anterior corticospinal C) rubrospinal D) reticulospinal E) vestibulospinal

Back 35

A) lateral corticospinal

Front 36

36) The spinal tract that normally plays a minor role in the control ofthe distal muscles of the arms is the ________ tract. A) lateral corticospinal B) anterior corticospinal C) rubrospinal D) reticulospinal E) vestibulospinal

Back 36

C) rubrospinal

Front 37

37) The spinal tract that unconsciously maintains balance and muscle tone is the ________ tract.

A) lateral corticospinal B) anterior corticospinal C) rubrospinal D) reticulospinal E) vestibulospinal

Back 37

E) vestibulospinal

Front 38

38) The medial pathway that controls involuntary movements of head, neck, and arm position in response to sudden visual and auditory stimuli is the ________ tract.

A) lateral corticospinal B) tectospinal C) rubrospinal D) reticulospinal E) vestibulospinal

Back 38

B) tectospinal

Front 39

39) The pyramidal system provides

A) voluntary control over skeletal muscles. B) voluntary control over smooth muscles. C) involuntary control over skeletal muscles. D) involuntary control over smooth muscles. E) involuntary control over cardiac muscle.

Back 39

A) voluntary control over skeletal muscles.

Front 40

40) The corticospinal system is often referred to as the

A) red nucleus. B) reticular formation. C) spinothalamic tracts. D) pyramidal system. E) medullary centers.

Back 40

D) pyramidal system

Front 41

41) The area of the motor cortex that is devoted to a particular region of the body is proportional to the

A) size of the body area. B) distance of the body area from the brain. C) number of motor units in that region. D) number of sensory receptors in the area of the body. E) size of the nerves that serve the area of the body

Back 41

C) number of motor units in that region.

Front 42

42) Axons of the corticobulbar tract terminate in the

A) sensory neurons. B) somatic motor neurons in the spinal cord. C) autonomic motor neurons in the spinal cord. D) motor nuclei of cranial nerves. E) nuclei in the thalamus.

Back 42

D) motor nuclei of cranial nerves

Front 43

43) Based on the motor homunculus, which of the following body regions has the largest motor units?

A) tongue B) face C) hands D) back E) larynx

Back 43

D) back

Front 44

44) The pyramids on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata are formed by fibers of the ________ tracts.

A) corticospinal B) corticobulbar C) reticulospinal D) vestibulospinal E) tectospinal

Back 44

A) corticospinal

Front 45

45) Axons that decussate between the pyramids of the medulla oblongata belong to the ________ tracts. A) anterior corticospinal B) lateral corticospinal C) vestibulospinal D) reticulospinal E) rubrospinal

Back 45

B) lateral corticospinal

Front 46

46) The upper motor neurons of the medial pathway are located within any of the following, except the

A) vestibular nuclei. B) reticular formation. C) superior colliculi. D) inferior colliculi. E) mamillary bodies.

Back 46

E) mamillary bodies.

Front 47

47) Tracts of the lateral and medial pathways include all of the following, except ________ tracts. A) corticospinal B) tectospinal C) rubrospinal D) reticulospinal E) vestibulospinal

Back 47

A) corticospinal

Front 48

48) A brain injury to a patient results in facial paralysis. Which descending tract is most likely affected? A) corticospinal tract B) tectospinal tract C) rubrospinal tract D) corticobulbar tract E) reticulospinal tract

Back 48

D) corticobulbar tract

Front 49

49) The basal nuclei

A) initiate conscious motor activity. B) activate spinal reflexes. C) provide the background patterns of movement involved in voluntary motor activities. D) exert direct control over lower motor neurons. E) act as gatekeepers, filtering out unnecessary sensorimotor activity.

Back 49

C) provide the background patterns of movement involved in voluntary motor activities.

Front 50

50) Complex motor activities such as riding a bicycle

A) only require neural processing at the level of the cerebrum. B) with practice, involve little input from the brain. C) require the coordinated activity of several regions of the brain. D) are largely controlled at the level of the spinal cord. E) usually escape notice by the cerebellum

Back 50

) require the coordinated activity of several regions of the brain.

Front 51

51) Damage to the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex would directly affect

A) perception of pain. B) sight. C) voluntary motor activity. D) hearing. E) both A and D

Back 51

C) voluntary motor activity.

Front 52

2) The cerebellum adjusts motor activity in response to all of the following, except

A) touch sensations. B) visual information. C) equilibrium-related sensations. D) input from the motor cortex. E) input from proprioceptors.

Back 52

A) touch sensations.

Front 53

53) Motor neurons whose cell bodies are within the spinal cord are called ________ neurons.

A) upper motor B) lower motor C) preganglionic D) postganglionic E) somesthetic

Back 53

B) lower motor

Front 54

54) Which ascending tract carries the sensations for fine touch and vibration?

A) corticobulbar B) corticospinal C) posterior (dorsal) column D) spinothalamic E) both C and D

Back 54

C) posterior (dorsal) column

Front 55

55) Some neurons within the basal nuclei are known to A) stimulate neurons with GABA. B) inhibit neurons with GABA. C) stimulate neurons with acetylcholine. D) both A and C E) both B and C

Back 55

E) both B and C

Front 56

57) Mechanoreceptors might detect which of the following sensations? A) pressure B) touch C) vibration D) muscle length E) all of the above

Back 56

E) all of the above

Front 57

58) If a friend is talking about someone she knows who lost his special senses, you would correct her when you hear her mention ________, because it is not a special sense.

A) smell B) sight C) balance D) cold E) hearing

Back 57

D) cold

Front 58

59) In order for a sensation to become a perception,

A) it must received by the somatosensory cortex. B) the individual must vocalize about it. C) it must arrive over fast-conducting nerve fibers. D) the other senses must be silent. E) it must received by the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus.

Back 58

A) it must received by the somatosensory cortex.

Front 59

60) Gustatory receptors are sensitive to dissolved chemicals but insensitive to light. This is due to

A) receptor specificity. B) accessory cells. C) the fact that they are interoceptors. D) receptor potentials. E) both B and C

Back 59

A) receptor specificity

Front 60

61) A receptor potential may

A) increase neurotransmitter release. B) decrease neurotransmitter release. C) be a hyperpolarization. D) be a depolarization. E) be any of the above

Back 60

E) be any of the above

Front 61

62) Sensory information that arrives at the CNS is routed according to the ________ of the stimulus. A) modality B) intensity C) location D) speed E) both A and C

Back 61

E: A and C

Front 62

63) Pain is to ________ as cold is to ________.

A) nociceptors; thermoreceptors B) baroreceptors; chemoreceptors C) baroreceptors; nociceptors D) chemoreceptors; nociceptors E) baroreceptors; thermoreceptors

Back 62

A) nociceptors; thermoreceptors

Front 63

4) Peripheral adaptation ________ the number of action potentials that reach the CNS.

A) decreases B) increases C) stabilizes D) neutralizes E) both A and C

Back 63

A) decreases

Front 64

65) Tickle is to ________ as itch is to ________. A) pressure; heat B) baroreceptors; chemoreceptors C) touch; pain D) stretch; temperature E) thermoreceptors; nociceptors

Back 64

C) touch; pain

Front 65

66) Tactile discs are to ________ as tactile corpuscles are to ________.

A) Wilms; Meissner B) Merkel; Meissner C) Meissner; Merkel D) Pacinian; Merkel E) pain; pressure

Back 65

B) Merkel; Meissner

Front 66

67) ________ are receptors in the aorta that monitor the blood pressure.

A) Chemoreceptors B) Nociceptors C) Baroreptors D) Proprioceptors E) none of the above

Back 66

C) Baroreptors

Front 67

68) Your uncle was just diagnosed with a heart attack. One of his major symptoms is left arm pain. You are not surprised because you are familiar with the phenomenon of

A) referred pain. B) phantom pain. C) psychogenic pain. D) somatic pain. E) neurogenic pain.

Back 67

A) referred pain.

Front 68

69) Descending (motor) pathways always involve at least ________ motor neuron(s).

A) one B) two C) three D) four E) spinal

Back 68

B) two

Front 69

70) Conscious and subconscious motor commands control skeletal muscles by traveling over the

A) corticospinal pathway. B) medial pathway. C) lateral pathway. D) any of the above E) A and C only

Back 69

E) A and C only

Front 70

71) The medial and lateral motor pathways can modify, or direct, skeletal muscle contractions by ________ lower motor neurons.

A) stimulating B) facilitating C) inhibiting D) any of the above E) A and C only

Back 70

D) any of the above

Front 71

72) The cerebellum relies on information from

A) the eyes. B) the inner ear as movements are under way. C) proprioceptive sensations.

D) motor commands from upper motor neurons. E) all of the above

Back 71

E) all of the above

Front 72

73) ________ is a rare condition in which the brain fails to develop at levels above the mesencephalon or inferior part of the diencephalon. A) Anencephaly B) Encephalopathy C) Hydrocephaly D) Tetralogy of Fallot E) none of the above

Back 72

A) Anencephaly

Front 73

74) A labeled line is

A) a translation of complex sensory information. B) a link between a receptor and a cortical neuron. C) a reduction in sensitivity. D) a stimulation that produces action potentials. E) an adjustment for sensitivity adaptation.

Back 73

B) a link between a receptor and a cortical neuron.

Front 74

75) ________ receptors are ________ times more numerous than ________ receptors.

A) Warm; three or four; cold B) Thermoreceptors; three or four; cold C) Cold; three or four; warm D) Thermoreceptors; three or four; temperature E) Cold; 10; warm

Back 74

C) Cold; three or four; warm

Front 75

76) In relation to the medial and lateral pathways, the ________ pathway controls ________ movements of trunk and ________ limb muscles. A) lateral; precise; distal B) lateral; gross; distal C) medial; fine; distal D) medial; gross; proximal E) medial; gross; distal

Back 75

D) medial; gross; proximal

Front 76

77) In relation to the medial and lateral pathways, the ________ pathway controls ________ movements of ________ limb muscles.

A) lateral; gross; distal B) lateral; gross; proximal C) medial; precise; proximal D) medial; gross; proximal E) lateral; precise; distal

Back 76

E) lateral; precise; distal

Front 77

78) A sensory receptor characterized peripherally as a free nerve ending and centrally usesglutamateand/or substance P as neurotransmitters, would most likely be a

A) chemoreceptor. B) mechanoreceptor. C) thermoreceptor. D) nociceptor. E) free receptor. An

Back 77

D) nociceptor.

Front 78

79) Sensory encoding of the perceived location of a stimulus depends on

A) the frequency of action potentials. B) which labeled line is active. C) the specific location of the cortical neuron that is stimulated. D) the specific sensitivity of the peripheral receptor. E) both A and B

Back 78

C) the specific location of the cortical neuron that is stimulated

Front 79

80) Destruction of or damage to a lower motor neuron in the somatic nervous system produces

A) the inability to localize a stimulus. B) a subconscious response to a stimulation. C) flaccid paralysis of its muscle fibers (motor unit). D) a stimulation of the innervated muscle. E) none of the above

Back 79

C) flaccid paralysis of its muscle fibers (motor unit).

Front 80

81) The cerebellum

A) functions to maintain proper posture and equilibrium. B) receives input from the motor cortex and basal ganglia. C) compares intended movement to actual movement. D) if damaged leads to uncoordinated and jerky movements. E) has all these characteristics.

Back 80

E) has all these characteristics.

Front 81

82) All of the following are true of a prickling pain sensation, except that they

A) are carried by type A fibers. B) reach the CNS quickly. C) are fast adapting. D) receive conscious attention. E) often trigger somatic reflexes.

Back 81

D) receive conscious attention

Front 82

83) Sensations of burning or aching pain

A) are carried by type A fibers. B) reach the CNS quickly. C) cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and the thalamus. D) are well localized. E) are fast adapting.

Back 82

C) cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and the thalamus.

Front 83

84) What loss would result from cutting through the medial lemniscus on the right side?

A) loss of pain sensation on the left side of the body B) loss of pain sensation on the right side of the body C) loss of fine touch sensation on the left side of the body D) loss of fine touch sensation on the right side of the body E) complete hemiplegia (paralysis) on the left side of the body

Back 83

C) loss of fine touch sensation on the left side of the body

Front 84

85) Stimulation of a neuron that terminates in the superior region of the left postcentral gyrus would produce

A) a sensation in the right leg. B) a sensation in the lips. C) a muscle twitch in the right leg. D) a muscle twitch in the lips. E) both sensations and muscle twitches in the right leg

Back 84

A) a sensation in the right leg

Front 85

86) Upper motor neurons are located in the

A) precentral gyrus. B) postcentral gyrus. C) brain stem. D) spinal cord. E) both A and C

Back 85

E) both A and C

Front 86

87) Somatic sensory axons enter the ventral root and usually ascend directly to the thalamus.

A) The first part of the statement is true, and the second part of the statement is false. B) The first part of the statement is false, and the second part of the statement is true. C) Both parts of the statements are true. D) Both parts of the statements are false.

Back 86

D) Both parts of the statements are false.

Front 87

88) Which of the following is true about the relation between stimulus intensity and its neural representation?

A) Strong stimuli produce large generator potentials in sensory receptors. B) Strong stimuli produce large action potentials in sensory afferents. C) Strong stimuli produce a high frequency of action potentials in sensory afferents. D) A and C only E) A, B, and C

Back 87

D) A and C only

Front 88

89) Damage to the tectospinal tracts would interfere with the

A) ability to position the arms. B) ability to monitor body position. C) ability to make reflex responses of the head and neck in response to sudden movements or loud noises. D) ability to control motor units located in the leg. E) ability to coordinate eating and swallowing movements.

Back 88

C) ability to make reflex responses of the head and neck in response to sudden movements or loud noises.

Front 89

0) Bladder fullness is to ________ as blood pH is to ________.

A) nociceptors; thermoreceptors B) baroreceptors; chemoreceptors C) baroreceptors; nociceptors D) chemoreceptors; nociceptors E) baroreceptors; thermoreceptors

Back 89

B) baroreceptors; chemoreceptors

Front 90

91) If the primary motor cortex is destroyed, fine control of movement will be lost, but movement may not be lost completely because the medial and lateral pathways can still provide coarse motor control.

A) The first part of the statement is true, and the second part of the statement is false. B) The first part of the statement is false, and the second part of the statement is true. C) Both parts of the statements are true. D) Both parts of the statements are false

Back 90

C) Both parts of the statements are true.