155-Wk5 Jarvis Text Chapter 21- The Abdomen (Part A) - Cole Goldak

Front 1

Abdomen

Back 1

Large oral cavity extending from the diaphragm down to the brim of the pelvis

Front 2

Viscera

Back 2

All the internal organs inside the abdominal cavity
- should know their location

Front 3

Solid Viscera

Back 3

Those that maintain a characteristic shape (liver, pancreas, spleen, adrenal glands, kidneys, ovaries, and uterus)

Front 4

Hollow Viscera

Back 4

Stomach, Gallbladder, Small Instestine, Colon, & Bladder
- shape depends on the contents
- usually not palpable

Front 5

Spleen

Back 5

A soft mass of lymphatic tissue on the posterolateral wall of the abdominal cavity, immediately under the diaphragm
- not normally palpable

Front 6

Aorta

Back 6

Just to the left of midline in the upper part of the abdomen

Front 7

Pancreas

Back 7

A soft lobulated gland located behind the stomach

Front 8

Kidneys

Back 8

Bean shaped retroperitoneal, or poserior to the abdominal contents

Front 9

Costovertebral Angle

Back 9

The 12th rib forms an angle with the vertebral column
- the left kidney lies here at the 11th and 12th ribs

Front 10

Right Kidney

Back 10

Because of the placement of the liver it rests 1 - 2 cm lower than the left kidney and sometimes may be palpable

Front 11

Abdominal Wall

Back 11

Divided into 4 quadrants by a vertical and a horizontal line bisecting the umbilicus
- RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

Front 12

Common causes of constipation

Back 12

Decreased physical activity
Inadequate intake of water
Low fiber diet
Side effects of medications
Irritable bowel syndrome
Bowel obstruction
Hypothyroidism
Inadequate toilet facilities

Front 13

Lactose Intolerant

Back 13

Low lactase activity, have abdominal pain, bloating, and flatulence when milk products are consumed

Front 14

Abdominal Subjective Data

Back 14

Appetite, dysphagia, food intolerance, abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, bowel habits, abdominal history, medications, nutritional assessment

Front 15

Anorexia

Back 15

Loss of appetite that occurs with gastrointestinal disease, a side effect to some medications, with pregnancy, or with psychological disorders

Front 16

Dysphagia

Back 16

Occurs with disorders of the throat or esophagus

Front 17

Food intolerence

Back 17

e.g., lactase deficiency resulting in bloating or excessive gas after taking milk products

Front 18

Pyrosis

Back 18

Heartburn, a burning sensation in esophagus and stomach from reflux of gastric acid

Front 19

Eructation

Back 19

Belching

Front 20

Types of abdominal pain

Back 20

Visceral - from an internal organ
Parietal - from inflammation of overlying peritoneum
Referred - from a disorder in another site

Front 21

Nausea/vomiting

Back 21

A common side effect of many medications, with gastrointestinal disease, early pregnancy

Front 22

Hematemesis

Back 22

Occurs with stomach or duodenal ulcers and esophageal varices

Front 23

Bowel Habits

Back 23

Black stools may be tarry due to occult blood (melena) from gastrointestinal bleeding or non tarry from iron medications.
Grey stools occur with hepatitis.
Red blood in stools occurs with gastrointestinal bleeding or localized bleeding around the anus

Front 24

Medications

Back 24

Peptic ulcer disease occurs with frequent use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), alcohol, smoking, and helicobacter pylori infection

Front 25

Nutritional assessment

Back 25

Via 24-hour recall
- may not be sufficient because daily pattern may vary

Front 26

Pica

Back 26

Although a toddler may attempt nonfoods at some time, he or she should recognize edibles by age 2

Front 27

Anorexia Nervosa

Back 27

A serious psycological disorder that includes loss of appetite, voluntary starvation, and grave weight loss.
May agument weight loss by purging and use of laxative

Front 28

Equipment for objective data

Back 28

Stethoscope, small cm ruler, skin marking pen, and alcohol wipe.

Front 29

Abnormal Contour

Back 29

scaphoid abdomen, protuberant abdomen, abdominal distension

Front 30

Abnormal Symmetry

Back 30

bulges, masses.
Hernia - protrusion of abdominal viscera through abnormal opening in muscle wall

Front 31

Contour

Back 31

Describes the nutrtional state and normally ranges from flat to rounded

Front 32

Normal Symmetry

Back 32

Should be symmetrical bilaterally, abdomen should stay smooth and symmetrical when person takes deep breath

Front 33

Abnormal Umbilicus

Back 33

Everted with acites or underlying mass, deeply sunken with obesity, enlarged and everted with umbilical hernia, bluish periumbilical color occurs with intra-abdominal bleeding (Cullen's sign).

Front 34

Normal Umbilicus

Back 34

Midline and inverted, with no sign of discoloration, inflammation, or hernia

Front 35

Abnormal Skin

Back 35

Redness with localized inflammation, jaundice, skin glistening and taut occurs with ascites, lesions, rashes

Front 36

Normal Skin

Back 36

Surface is smooth and even with homogeneous colour

Front 37

Abnormal Striae

Back 37

Also occur with ascites, look purple-blue with Cushing's syndrome

Front 38

Normal Striae

Back 38

Silvery white, linear, jagged marks about 1-6 cm long

Front 39

Normal Nevi (moles)

Back 39

Pigmented, circumscribed brown macular or papular areas

Front 40

Abnormal Nevi

Back 40

Unusual colour or change in shape of mole
Petechiae
Cutaneous angiomas (spider nevi) occur with portal hypertension or liver disease

Front 41

Abnormal Veins

Back 41

Prominant, dilated veins occur with portal hypertension, cirrhosis, ascites, or vena caval obstruction

Front 42

Turgor

Back 42

Good turgor reflects healthy nutrition, poor turgor occurs with dehydration, which often accompanies gastrointestinal disease

Front 43

Normal hair distribution

Back 43

Pattern of pubic hair growth has a diamond shape in adult males and an inverted triangle shape in adult females

Front 44

Abnormal hair distribution

Back 44

Patterns alter with endocrine or hormone abnormalities, chronic liver disease

Front 45

Normal demeanour

Back 45

Relaxed quietly on the examining table and has a benign facial expression and slow, even respirations

Front 46

Abnormal demeanour

Back 46

Restlessness and constant turning to find comfort occur with colicky pain of gastroenteritis or bowel obstruction
Absolute stillness, resisting any movement , occurs with the pain of peritonitis
Knees flexed up, facial grimacing, and rapid, uneven respirations also indicate pain

Front 47

Normal bowel sounds

Back 47

High-pitched, gurgling, cascading sounds, occurring irregularly anywhere from 5-30 times per minute

Front 48

Abnormal bowel sounds

Back 48

Hyperactive- loud, high-pitched, rushing, tinkling sounds that signal increased motility
Hypoactive or Absent- follow abdominal surgery or with inflammation of the peritoneum

Front 49

Borborygmus

Back 49

The hyperperistalsis when you feel your 'stomach growling'

Front 50

Systolic Bruit

Back 50

A pulsatile blowing sound and occurs with stenosis or occlusion of an artery

Front 51

Dullness

Back 51

Occurs over a distented bladder, adipose tissue, fluid, or a mass

Front 52

Hyperresonance

Back 52

Present with gaseous distension

Front 53

Hepatomegaly

Back 53

Liver enlargement, indicated by enlarged liver span

Front 54

Scratch test

Back 54

Can help define the liver border when the abdomen is distended or the abdominal muscles are tense

Front 55

Spleen location

Back 55

May locate it by percussing for a dull note from the 9th to 11th intercostal space just behind the left midaxillary line

Front 56

Ascites

Back 56

Free fluid in the peritoneal cavity, occurs with heart failure, portal hypertension, cirrhosis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, and cancer

Front 57

Fluid Wave and Shifting Dullness

Back 57

2 percussion tests that can defferenciate between ascites and gaseous distension