第１３課・上級へのとびら Grammar From 文法ノート

Front 1

彼は２０代で会社を作り、３０代で、大金持ちになった。

Back 1

In his 20s he built a company, and in his 30s he became a very wealthy person.

Hint 1

10/20/30/etc.　＋ 代
"one's teens/twenties/ thirties/etc."

The suffix 代 is used with ten or its multiples to describe someone's approximate age.

Front 2

1980年代の後半から1990年代の初めにかけての日本の経済は「バブル経済」と呼ばれている。

Back 2

Japan's economy from the last half of the 1980s to the beginning of the 1990s is called "bubble economy."

Hint 2

1900/1910/1920/etc. + 年代
"1990s/1910s/1920s/etc."

the suffix 代 is used with 10 or its multiples and 年 to refer to a certain decade.

Front 3

日本では秋になると仕事の面接に行くスーツ姿の学生が増える。

Back 3

When it turns to fall in Japan, students wearing suits for going to job interviews increases.

Hint 3

N　(の）姿
"in ~; wearing ~;

姿 means "appearance; figure". It is used to describe someone's external appearance, i.e. someone's form or physical form or physical appearance; someone's appearance in certain clothing; or the ay someone appears when he/she is doing something.

Front 4

母が病気で苦しむ姿を見て、私は将来医者になろうと心に決めた。

Back 4

Seeing the way my mother suffered from illness, I decided in my heart to become a doctor in the near future.

Hint 4

V–plain.non–past 姿
"the way one V"


姿 means "appearance; figure". It is used to describe someone's external appearance, i.e. someone's form or physical form or physical appearance; someone's appearance in certain clothing; or the ay someone appears when he/she is doing something.

Front 5

今日は朝から、雨が降ってはやみ、降ってはやみしていて嫌な天気だ。

Back 5

From morning today, it rained and stopped and rained and stopped over and over again; it was nasty weather.

Hint 5

V1–te　は V2
"V1 and V2 repeatedly/over and over again/many times/etc."

The construction of VteはV is used when a set of actions is repeated over a period of time. It can be said once, or repeated, as here.

Front 6

子供の頃は、毎年夏休みになると、家族と海に泳ぎに行ったものだ。

Back 6

During my childhood, ever summer break my family and I would go to swim in the sea.

Hint 6

V–plain.non–past ものだ
"used to ~; would"

V–plain.past ものだ is used to describe in a nostalgic fashion what someone did or what happened in the past

Front 7

毎日日本語で話すようにしていると、だんだん上手に話せるようになりますよ。

Back 7

If you are trying to speak in Japanese every day, you will gradually become able to speak skillfully.

Hint 7

だんだn
"gradually; little by little; bit by bit"

だんだん is used to indicate that a state changes gradually. Thus, it often occurs with ~ていく; 〜てくる；〜くなる；〜になる；〜ようになる

Front 8

暖かくなるにつれて、雪が溶け、木が緑になっていく。

Back 8

With it becoming warm, the snow will melt and the trees will turn green.

Hint 8

V–non–past.aff につれて
"as ~; with ~"

Xにつれて indicates that omething takes place as X occurs. X can be either a verb or the stem of a suru–V.

Front 9

技術の進歩につれて、私達の生活は便利になった。

Back 9

With the progress of technology our lives became more convenient.

Hint 9

Nにつれて
"as ~; with ~"

Xにつれて indicates that omething takes place as X occurs. X can be either a verb or the stem of a suru–V.

Front 10

今日中にこのレポートを書き上げてしまわなければならない。

Back 10

Before today is over I must finish writing up this report.

Hint 10

書き上げる
transitive
"to write out or down; to finish writing"

Affixed to the end of masu–stems of verbs, 上げる forms compound verbs, adding meanings such as "finish something up," "upward," or "to a great extent." The meaning is determined by the preceeding verb.

Front 11

この荷物は重すぎて誰も持ち上げることは出来ない。

Back 11

This luggage is too heavy, nobody can lift it up.

Hint 11

持ち上げる
transitive
"1: to elevate; to raise; to lift up;
2: to flatter; to extol; to praise to the sky"

Affixed to the end of masu–stems of verbs, 上げる forms compound verbs, adding meanings such as "finish something up," "upward," or "to a great extent." The meaning is determined by the preceeding verb.

Front 12

日本語を勉強している学生が、自分達で日本語のブログサイトを立ち上げた。

Back 12

The Japanese language students started up a Japanese blog site all by themselves.

Hint 12

立ち上げる
（V–masu 上げる）
transitive
"to start (something); to start up; to boot (a computer)"

Affixed to the masu–stems of verbs, 上げる forms compound verbs, adding meanings such as "finish something up," "upward" or "to a great extent." the meaning is determined by the preceding verb.

Front 13

泥棒はコンビニの店員を縛り上げて、レジのお金を盗んで行った。

Back 13

The thief tied up the convenience store clerk, then went and stole money from the register.

Hint 13

縛り上げる
（V–masu 上げる）
transitive
”to bind (tie) up”

Affixed to the masu–stems of verbs, 上げる forms compound verbs, adding meanings such as "finish something up," "upward" or "to a great extent." the meaning is determined by the preceding verb.

Front 14

この岩を磨き上げてください。

Back 14

Please polish up this rock.

Hint 14

磨き上げる
(V–masu 上げる）
transitive
"to polish up; to shine up"

Affixed to the masu–stems of verbs, 上げる forms compound verbs, adding meanings such as "finish something up," "upward" or "to a great extent." the meaning is determined by the preceding verb.

Front 15

2行目から10行目まで、読み上げた。

Back 15

I read loud and clearly lines 2–10.

Hint 15

読み上げる
(V–masu 上げる)
transitive
"to read out loud (and clearly); to call a roll"

Affixed to the masu–stems of verbs, 上げる forms compound verbs, adding meanings such as "finish something up," "upward" or "to a great extent." the meaning is determined by the preceding verb.

Front 16

会社への行きがけに銀行によって、お金をおろして行こう。

Back 16

On our way to the company, let's stop at (by means of) the bank and withdraw money.

Hint 16

V–masu がけに
"on one's way"

がけに is used with the masu–stem of motion verbs like 行く、来る、and 帰る to mean "on one's way."

Front 17

日本に行ったら
英語は使わないでなるべく日本語だけで生活するつもりだ。

Back 17

If I go to Japan, I plan on not using English and speaking just Japanese to live.

Hint 17

N だけで
"just N (is fine/enough/etc.)

N/Vだけで is used to express the idea that X or just doing X is fine or good enough or that one can do something just with X or by doing X.

Front 18

この植木は２週間に一度水をやるだけでいいですよ。

Back 18

Just watering this plant once in two weeks time is enough.

Hint 18

{V–plain.non–past/N} だけで {いい／十分だ／etc.}

"just with ~; just by V–ing (is fine/enough/etc.)

N/Vだけで is used to express the idea that X or just doing X is fine or good enough or that one can do something just with X or by doing X.

Front 19

「飲むだけでやせられる薬」などという広告は信じない方がいいですよ。

Back 19

It's better not to believe advertisements that say things like "just by taking this medicine, you'll lose weight!"

Hint 19

V1–plain だけで V2

"just with ~; just by V–ing (is fine/enough/etc.)

N/Vだけで is used to express the idea that X or just doing X is fine or good enough or that one can do something just with X or by doing X.

Front 20

この読み物は、あまりにも漢字が多すぎて、何か書いてあるのかまったく理解できない。

Back 20

In this reading material there are way too many kanji, I can't understand what's written here at all.

Hint 20

あまりに（も）
"too; excessively; so"

あまりに（も） indicates that the degree of something is excessively high. It is commonly used in formal language.

Front 21

隣の家のパーテイがあまりにうるさかったので、警察を連絡した。

Back 21

The next door neighbor's party was excessively loud, so I contacted the police.

Hint 21

あまりに（も）{A/Anaだ}

"too; excessively; so"

あまりに（も） indicates that the degree of something is excessively high. It is commonly used in formal language.

Front 22

あまりに便利な生活は、人間を駄目にすると思う。

Back 22

I think an excessively convenient lifestyle is not good for a person.

Hint 22

あまりに（も）{Adv/ANa/A–stem く}

"too; excessively; so"

あまりに（も） indicates that the degree of something is excessively high. It is commonly used in formal language.

Front 23

漢字を覚えるにはフラッシュカードを作るのが一番です。

Back 23

(It is my opinion that) in order to be able to memorize kanji, making flashcards is the best.

Hint 23

V–plain.non–past.aff には
"to; in order to; for; for the purpose of; when"

には　indicates purpose in general statements (often stating the speaker's judgement about an action in terms of its effectiveness, convenience, necessity, etc.). には can also mean "when" (=時には). Verbs or nouns can precede には.

Note that when ために is used, the predicate in the main clause describes an action. Such that:
Xには Y, where Y is a judgment
and never an action

XためにY, where Y is an action and never a judgement.

AND, XためにはY, where Y is a judgment, never an action

Front 24

海外旅行には、このスーツケースを持って行くと便利ですよ。

Back 24

When you travel overseas, to take this suitcase with you will be convenient.

Hint 24

N (of a VN, or direct object of する) には

"to; in order to; for; for the purpose of; when"

には　indicates purpose in general statements (often stating the speaker's judgement about an action in terms of its effectiveness, convenience, necessity, etc.). には can also mean "when" (=時には). Verbs or nouns can precede には.

Note that when ために is used, the predicate in the main clause describes an action. Such that:
Xには Y, where Y is a judgment
and never an action

XためにY, where Y is an action and never a judgement.

AND, XためにはY, where Y is a judgment, never an action

Front 25

先生の説明を聞いて、この言葉の意味はだいたい分かったけれど、まだ上手に使えない。

Back 25

Upon hearing the teacher's explanation, I mostly understood the meaning of this word, but I still can't use it skillfully.

Hint 25

だいたいV
"mostly V; nearly V; almost V"

だいたい means "most, almost, nearly (all), approximate." The meaning changes depending on what it modifies.

Front 26

この大学では、だいたいの学生がアルバイトをしている。

Back 26

At this university, most students have part time jobs.

Hint 26

だいたいの N

"most N; almost all N; approximate N; rough N"


だいたい means "most, almost, nearly (all), approximate." The meaning changes depending on what it modifies.

Front 27

だいたいの数は分かりますが、正確な数は調べてみないと分かりません。

Back 27

I know the approximate number, but if I don't look it up I don't know the accurate number.

Hint 27

だいたい　number/amount
"approximately number/amount"

だいたい means "most;almost; nearly(all); approximate."
The meaning changes depending on what だいたい modifies.

Front 28

７時から大学ホールにおいて学生会議が行います。

Back 28

The student meeting will occur in the University Hall from 7:00.

Hint 28

N1 において V
"in;at;on;during"

The compound particle における indicate the place or time of an action, event, or state. The pre–verbal form is において.
Both are used only in formal language.

Front 29

アジアにおける歴史に関する問題は、解決が難しそうです。

Back 29

Problems related to history in asia are seemingly difficult to find a resolution for.

Hint 29

N1 における N2

"in;at;on;during"

The compound particle における indicate the place or time of an action, event, or state. The pre–verbal form is において.
Both are used only in formal language.

Front 30

暑いのは好きではないが、寒いのもまた苦手だ。

Back 30

I don't like heat, but I also dislike the cold.

Hint 30

もまた
"as well; also; too"

In this usage もまた means the same as も; however it is more emphatic and formal than も.

Front 31

なんだ、まだ宿題終わってないの。早くしないと、授業がはじまっちゃうよ。

Back 31

oh, you haven't finished your homework yet?! If you don't finish quickly, class will start (before you're done)!

Hint 31

なんだ
"oh!"

The literal meaning of なんだ is "What is X?" However it can also be used to express the speaker's slight surprise。
Used only in very casual conversation.

Front 32

ほら、これ、見て。リリーが子犬の時の写真。かわいいねえ。

Back 32

Come on, look at this! It's a picture from when Lily was a puppy. Cute, huh?

Hint 32

ほら
"Look!; See?; Come on!"

The interjection ほら can be used to draw the hearer's attention to something.
Only used in very casual conversation.