11-Factors Affecting Drug Activity

Front 1

acute viral hepatitis

Back 1

a virally caused systemic infection that causes inflammation of the liver

Front 2

additive effects

Back 2

the increase in effect when two drugs with similar pharmacological actions are taken

Front 3

anaphylactic shock

Back 3

a potentially fatal hypersensitivity reaction producing severe respiratory distress and cardiovascular collapse

Front 4

antidote

Back 4

a drug that antagonizes the toxic effect of another drug

Front 5

carcinogenicity

Back 5

the ability of a substance to cause cancer

Front 6

cirrhosis

Back 6

a chronic and potentially fatal liver disease causing loss of function and resistance to blood flow through the liver.

Front 7

displacement

Back 7

when one drug blocks the activity of metabolic enzymes in the liver

Front 8

drug-diet interactions

Back 8

when elements of ingested nutrients interact with a drug and this affects the disposition of the drug

Front 9

hepatic disease

Back 9

liver disease

Front 10

hepatotoxity

Back 10

toxicity of the liver

Front 11

hypersensitivity

Back 11

an abnormal sensitivity generally resulting in an allergic reaction

Front 12

hyperthyroidism

Back 12

a condition in which thyroid hormone secretions are above normal, often referred to as an overactive thyroid

Front 13

hypothyroidism

Back 13

a condition in which thyroid hormone secretions are below normal, often referred to as an underactive thyroid.

Front 14

idiosyncrasy

Back 14

an unexpected reaction the first time a drug is taken, generally due to genetic causes.

Front 15

inhibition

Back 15

when one drug blocks the activity of metabolic enzymes in the liver

Front 16

nephrotoxicity

Back 16

the ability of a substance to harm the kidneys

Front 17

synergism

Back 17

when two drugs with different sites or mechanisms of action produce the greater effects when taken together than when taken alone.

Front 18

teratogenicity

Back 18

the ability of a substance to cause abnormal fetal development when given to pregnant women

Front 19

f-Human variability

Back 19

differences in age, weight, genetics, and gender

Front 20

f-age

Back 20

children metabolize certain drugs more rapidly than adults.

Front 21

f-pregnancy

Back 21

latter stage of pregnancy tend to reduce the rate of absorption

Front 22

f-genetics

Back 22

differences in types and amounts of proteins produced in the body = differences in drug action

Front 23

f-pharmacogenetics

Back 23

study defines the hereditary basis of individual differences

Front 24

f-weight

Back 24

weight adjustments need more those 50% higher than average adult weight

Front 25

f-allergic reactions

Back 25

hypersensitive reactions. Anaphylactic shock is a potentially fatal hypersensitivity reaction

Front 26

f-common adverse reactions

Back 26

anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea are most common

Front 27

f-drug to drug interactions

Back 27

can increases or decreases in therapeutic effects or adverse effects

Front 28

f-additive effect

Back 28

two drugs with similar pharmacological actions are taken. Alcohol + sedative = increased sedation.

Front 29

f-synergism or potentiation

Back 29

two drugs with different sites or mechanisms of action produce greater effect when taken together than taken alone. Acetaminophen + codeine = increased analgesia

Front 30

f-inhibition

Back 30

drug blocks activity of metabolic enzymes in the liver

Front 31

f-displacement

Back 31

one drug is displaced from protein binding sites by a second drug = increase effect of displaced drug. Magnesium hydroxide and oral tetracyline bind.

Front 32

f-enzyme induction

Back 32

caused when drugs activate metabolizing enzymes in the liver, increasing the metabolism of other drugs effected by the same enzymes.

Front 33

f-increased excretion

Back 33

some drugs raises urinary pH, lessening renal reabsorption. Sodium bicarbonate raises pH and will cause increased elimination of phenobarbital.

Front 34

f-drug-diet interactions

Back 34

food in GI tract can alter absorption by interacting chemically, improving water-solubility of some drugs by increasing bile secretion, affecting the performance of dosage form, altering gastric emptying, altering intestinal movement, altering liver blood flow.

Front 35

f-disease states

Back 35

disposition and effect of drugs can be influenced by presence of diseases. Hepatic, CV, renal, and endocrine disease all increase the variability in drug response. Decreased blood flow from CV disorders can delay or cause erratic drug absorption