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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Discuss the nine general rules of first aid:
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-Take a moment to GET ORGANIZED. Decide plan of action as soon as possible.
-Make initial examination in position patient was found; unless contraindicated. -Limit assessment to ABC's, start with control of major bleeding. -Assess patient for FRACTURES; moving patient may cause rib to puncture lung, femur to puncture femoral, etc. -REMOVE PATIENT'S CLOTHING to examine; respect privacy, remove gently, prevent hypothermia. -Reassure victim; do not let them see their wound, be confident in your abilities to reassure patient. -Avoid contaminating wounds with fingers or unsterile objects. -Position unconscious patient in RECOVERY POSITION, unless contraindicated.. Never give unconscious person anything by mouth. -Always carry litter patient FEET FIRST, so rear rescuer can monitor airway and circulation. |
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Define triage:
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-French word meaning "sort"
-Process of quickly assessing patients in a multiple casualty incident and assigning patient's a priority for receiving treatment according to ther severity of their illness or injury. -Two types of military triage are tactical and non tactical. -Person in charge is responsible for balancing human lives at stake against harsh realities of tactical situation, amount of medical supplies on hand, and the realistic capabilities of medical personnel on the scene. -Triage is dynamic and patients priority is subject to change as the situation progresses. |
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Tactical triage:
Class I |
-Patient's whose injuries require minor professional treatment that can be done in an outpatient or ambulatory basis. These personnel can be returned to duty in a short period of time.
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Tactical triage:
Class II |
-Patient's whose injuries require immediate life sustaining measures or are of a moderate nature. Initially, they require a minimum amount of time, personnel, and supplies.
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Tactical triage:
Class III |
-Patient's for whom definitive treatment can be delayed without jeopardy to life or loss of limb.
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Tactical triage:
Class IV |
-Patients whose wounds or injuries would require extensive treatment beyond the immediate medical capabilities. Treatment of these casualties would be on the detriment of others.
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Non tactical triage:
Priority I |
-Patients with correctable life threatening illness such as respiratory arrest or obstruction, open chest or abdomen wound, femur fx or critical or complicated burns.
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Non tactical triage:
Priority II |
-Patient's with serious but non-life threatening illnesses such as moderate blood loss, open or multiple fx's (open increases priority), or eye injury.
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Non tactical triage:
Priority III |
-Patient's with minor injuries such as soft tissue innjuries, simple fx's, or minor to moderate burns.
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Non tactical triage:
Priority IV |
-Pt's who are dead or fatally injured. Fatal injuries include exposed brain matter, decapitation, and incineration.
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Field assessments are normally conducted in a systematic manner, these processess are known as the _______ and ________.
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-Primary and secondary survey
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The ________ is a rapid initial assessment to identify and treat life threatening conditions.
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-Primary survey
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The ________ is a complete and deatiled assessment consisting of a subjective interview and an objective assessment.
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-Secondary survey
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What does A,C,D,E stand for?
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-Airway
-Breathing -Circulation -Disability -Exposure |
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Central nervous system injury can lead to death. Assess LOC. If you suspect a head/neck injury, apply a rigid collar. Do a quick assessment of the patient's ability to move extremities. What part of A,B,C,D,E is this referring to?
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-D: disability
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Name 3 ways to control bleeding:
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-Pressure dressing
-Pressure point -Tourniquet |
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What is the best way to control external bleeding?
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-Pressure dressing: applying compress to the wound with direct pressure.
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Describe all the ways to control bleeding:
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-Direct pressure
-Pressure dressing -Elevation of extremity -Pressure point -Use of splint in conjunction with pressure dressing. -Tourniquet -2nd pressure dressing |
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Spot where the main part to an artery lies near the skin surface.
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-Pressure point
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There are _______ pressure points on each side of the body. Applying digital pressure can seldom be held for more than _______ seconds.
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-11 pressure points
-15 seconds |
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When is using a pressure point recommended?
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-While direct pressure is being held on a serious wound by a second rescuer.
-As a stopgap measure until a pressure dressing or tourniquet can be applied. |
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A constricting band that is used to cut off supply of blood to an injured limb:
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-Tourniquet
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Method of bleeding control used as a last resort.
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-Tourniquet
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Where must a tourniquet be applied?
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-Above the wound
-as close to the wound as practical |
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What items may be used as tourniquets? What may not?
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-long flat material such as belts, stockings, flat strips of rubber, or neckerchiefs.
-nothing that may cut the flesh: rope, wire, string or narrow pieces of cloth. -A short stick may be used to tighten |
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When is using a pressure point recommended?
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-While direct pressure is being held on a serious wound by a second rescuer.
-As a stopgap measure until a pressure dressing or tourniquet can be applied. |
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A constricting band that is used to cut off supply of blood to an injured limb:
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-Tourniquet
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Method of bleeding control used as a last resort.
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-Tourniquet
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Where must a tourniquet be applied?
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-Above the wound
-as close to the wound as practical |
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What items may be used as tourniquets? What may not?
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-long flat material such as belts, stockings, flat strips of rubber, or neckerchiefs.
-nothing that may cut the flesh: rope, wire, string or narrow pieces of cloth. -A short stick may be used to tighten |
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The most serious chest injury that requires immediate attention is what?
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-Sucking chest wound
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Victim with difficulty breathing and no airway obstruction must be inspected for what?
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-Chest injury
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Proper treatment for a sucking chest wound is what?
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-Immediately seal the wound with hand or airtight material.
-Tape material on 3 sides. -Give victim oxygen -Place victim in Fowler's position or semi-fowler's position -During combat lay victim on affected side. -Watch for s/s of shock and treat accordingly -Do not give victim with chest injury anything to drink -Transport victim to MTF immediately |
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Why is a deep wound to the abdomen likely to constitute a major emergency?
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-There are many vital organs in the area
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S/S of abdominal wound.
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-Intense pain
-Nausea and vomiting -spasms of abdominal muscles -Severe shock |
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First priority of major abdominal injury?
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-Immediate surgical treatment
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First aid treatment of abdominal injury?
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-Keep victim in supine position, or guarding position.
-Put pillow or similar object between knees to assist position of comfort. -control bleeding with direct pressure -If intestines are not exposed, use dry-sterile dressing. -If intestines are exposed, use moist (with NS) sterile dressing. (use clean sea water or potable water if no NS is available) -Battle dressings are ideal, make sure bandage is secure enough to prevent slippage but no tighter than is necessary to hold bandage in place. -Prevent shock by keeping patient warm. -Nothing by mouth (you may moisten the lips with water) -Upon medical direction, an IV may be started. - |
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A break in a bone is called what?
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-Fracture
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What are the two kinds of fractures?
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-Closed fracture and open fracture
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Two long bones of the forearm
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-Radius
-Ulna |
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Treatment of open forearm fracture
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-Stop bleeding and treat wound
-Apply sterile dressing over wound -Carefully straighten the forearm. -Apply a pneumatic splint if possible -Apply 2 well padded splints to forearm, one on top and one on bottom, making sure splints extend from the elbow to the wrist. -Use bandages to hold the splints in place -Put forearm across chest -Palm of hand should be turned in, thumbs pointed upward - Support forearm with WIDE SLING and CRAVAT bandage. -Hand should be raised 4 inches above elbow. -Treat victim for shock and transport |
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Rough handling of a closed fracture may result in what?
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-Open fracture
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S/S of fracture of upper arm are what?
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-Pain
-tenderness -Swelling -Discoloration -Wobbly motion |
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If fracture is near the elbow, what might it look like?
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-Arm straight with no bend at the elbow
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Priority for treatment for an open fracture of upper arm?
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-Stop bleeding and treat wound before attempting to treat fracture.
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Treatment for fracture of upper part of arm:
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-Place pad or folded towel in armpit
-bandage are securely to body -Support forearm with narrow sling |
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Treatment for fracture of middle of upper arm:
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-One well padded splint on outside of arm.
-Splint extends from shoulder to elbow. -Fasten splinted arm firmly to body and support the forearm with a narrow sling. |
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If there is no pulse distal to the upper arm fracture what is done?
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-gentle traction
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Major rule related to elbow fractures?
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-Do NOT ATTEMPT TO STRAIGHTEN OR MOVE THE ARM IN ANY WAY.
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Remove clothing to visualize any life threatening injuires, ptoect the patients privacy and keep the patient warm. What part of ABCDE is this?
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-Exposure
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As soon as the ABCDE's are finished what must be made? Explain?
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-Status decision
-Judgement about the patient's condition; determine if the patient needs immediate transport to a medical facility without a secondary survey at the scene. |
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The long bone of the upper part of the leg between the knee cap and the pelvis
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-Femur
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S/S of a fx femur
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-Any attempt to move leg reuslts in spasms
-Leg has wobbly motion with complete loss of control below the fx -Limb assumes unnatural position, with toes pointed outward -the fx leg is shorter than the uninjured one. |
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What may result from a fx femur?
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-Serious damage to nerves and blood vessels
-Shock is likely |
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Tx for femur fx
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-Control bleeding
-Carefully straighten the leg -Apply two splints; one on outside of injured leg and one on the inside |
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Spint on fx femur should be placed where?
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-Outside of the leg from the armpit to the foot
-Inside of the leg, from crotch to foot. |
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Femur fx splint should be fastened in how many places? Where?
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-5
-Around the ankle, over the knee, just below the hip, around the pelvis, just below the armpit |
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Major rule with fx femur.
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-DO NOT MOVE THE PATIENT UNTIL THE INJURED LEG HAS BEEN IMMOBILIZED
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Fx just above the ankle is often mistaken for a ______.
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-Sprain
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Fx of the lower leg, apply how many splints? Where?
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-3
-One on each side of the leg and one underneath |
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What type of splints are best used for fractures femur and good to use for fractured lower leg?
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-Hare or Thomas Half Ring splint
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S/S of fractured clavicle.
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-When victim stands, the injured side is lower than the uninjured one
-Victim is unable to raise the arm above the level of the shoulder -Deformity, localized pain and tenderness |
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Treatment for fractured clavicle.
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-Control bleeding
-Apply sling and swath splint. -Bend the victims arm on the injured side and place forearm across the chest. -Palm of hand turned in with thunb pointed up -Hand should be raised about 4 inches above the level of the elbow -Support the forearm with a wide sling or wide roller bandage |
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What else may be used to treat a fractured clavicle besides sling and swathe?
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-Figure eight
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Treatment for fractured rib
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-Keep victim calm and still to minimize pain
-Use a swathe on the arm of the injured side against the chest; with palms flat, thumb up, and forearm raised to a 45 degree angle -Immobilize the chest using wide strips of bandage the secure the arm to the chest. |
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For fractured ribs, do not do what? Why?
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Apply wide strips of tape or plater directly to the chest. Interfers with breathing.
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Burns are caused by _______ heat. Scalds are caused by _______ heat
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-Dry
-Moist |
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The seriousness of a burn can be estimated by the ________, ________, and ________ of a burn.
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-Depth
-Extent -Location |
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Describe first degree burn:
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-Epidermal layer is irritated, reddened, and tingling
-Skin is sensitive to touch and blanches with pressure -Pain is mild to severe -Edema is minimal -Healing occurs within a week |
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Describe second degree burn:
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-Partial thickness burn
-Epidermal blisters -Mottled appearance and red base -Damage extends into, but not through, the dermis -Recover takes two to three weeks, with some scarring and depigmentation -Body fluids may draw into the injured tissue, causing edema, and possibly a "weeping" fluid (plasma) |
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Describe third degree burn:
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-Full thickness burn
-Penetrates into the muscle and fatty tissue, sometimes the bone. -Tissues and nerves are destroyed -Shock, with blood in the urine, is likely to present. -Pain is absent at the burn site, with pain at the surrounding tissue -Tissue color ranges from white (scalds) to black (charring) burns -wound is usually dry , body fluids will collect in then underlying tissue |
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First aid Treatment for burns
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-Remove victim from fire
-Maintain open airway -Control bleeding, treat for shock -Remove constricting jewelry -Protect burn area from contamination by applying clean sheets or dry dressing -DO NOT remove clothing adhered to a wound. -Spint fractures Start IV of Ringers Lactate -Relieve mild pain with asprin -Relieve moderate pain with cold compress or water immersion -Severe pain may be relieved with Morphine or Demerol |
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Aid station treatment for burns
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-Monitor ABC's and shock
-Continue IV therapy -Monitor urine output -Shave body hair from burned area and cleanse with gentle disinfectant soap and warm water. Move dirt, grease, and nonviable tissue. -Apply sterile dressing of dry gauze. -Place bulky dressing to absorb exudate -All major burn victims should get a booster of Tetanus Toxoid to prevent infection -If evacuation is delayed 2-3 days, start topical antibiotic treatment: 1/16 " thickness of Sulfamylon or Sylvadene. Repeat after 12 hours, then after daily debridement. Treat minor skin reactions with antihistmines. |
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All major burn victims should get what to prevent infection?
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Booster of Tetanus Toxoid
-If evacuation is delayed 2-3 days, start topical antibiotic treatment: 1/16 " thickness of Sulfamylon or Sylvadene. Repeat after 12 hours, then after daily debridement. Treat minor skin reactions with antihistmines. |
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If burn victims evacuation is delayed 2-3 days, what treatment is started?
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-Start topical antibiotic treatment: 1/16 " thickness of Sulfamylon or Sylvadene. Repeat after 12 hours, then after daily debridement.
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Cause of heat cramps?
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-Loss of salt and water
-Excessive sweating -Drinking ice water or cold drinks too quickly or in large quantities after exercise. |
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Heat cramps are often an early sign of what?
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-Heat exhaustion
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First aid treatment for heat cramps?
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-Move victim to cool place
-Give victim cool (not cold), add about 1 teaspoon of salt to a liter or quart of water -Apply manual pressure to the cramped muscle |
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What is the most common conditon cause by working or exercising in hot envirionments?
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-Heat exhaustion
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Another name for heat exhaustion?
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-Heat prostration or heat collapse
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What heat related injury causes serious disturbance of blood flow to the brain, heart, and lungs?
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-Heat exhaustion
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S/S of heat exhaustion?
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-Similar to shock
-ashen gray, cool moist, clammy skin -Dilated pupils -Weak pulse -Rapid, shallow breathing -Body temp below normal |
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Treatment for heat exhaustion?
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-Same as shock
-Move victim to cool location -Loosen clothing -Apply cool wet cloth to the head, axille, groin, ankles, and fan the victim. -If consicious, give 1 tablespoon of salt in 1 litre of water -If victim vomits, do not give any more fluid -IV fluid may be necessary |
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Heat stroke carries _____% mortality rate
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-20%
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Most important sign of heat stroke?
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-Extremely high body temperature 105 degrees F, 41 degrees C
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S/S of heat stroke
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-Absent sweating
-Deep rapid breathing at first then shallow/absent later -Flushed, dry, hot skin -CONSTRICTED pupils, tachycardia, bounding pulse |
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First aid for heat stroke.
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-Designed to reduce body heat fast
-Douse body with cold water, or apply wet cold towels to entire body -Move victtim to coolest place possible and remove as much clothing as possible. -Place victim on back with head and shoulders slightly raised. -Cold packs under arms, neck, ankles, and groin -Immersion in cold bath -If conscious, give cool water to drink -DO NOT GIVE HOT DRINKS OR STIMULANTS -Discontinue cooling when rectal temp reaches 102 degrees F -Recheck temp every 10 minutes -Repeat cooling if rectal temp reaches 103 degrees F IV fluid may be necessary |
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Heat stroke victim, discontinue cooling when temp reaches ________degrees F
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102
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Stages of hypothermia:
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-shivering
-listlessness, indifference, drowsiness -Unconsciousness -Shock; glassy stare, respirations slow and shallow, pulse weak or absent |
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Death from hypothermia occurs when core temperature reaches _________ degrees F
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-80
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Treatment for hypothermia:
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-Observe ABC's
-Re-warm victim as soon as possible Treat other injuries such as severe bleeding or fractures before moving the patient -Replace wet or frozen clothing and remove anything that constricts the patient's arms, legs, or fingers -If victim is conscious and in a warm place, immersion in a tub of warm water (not hot) |
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Immersion of hypothermia patient in warm water should be _________ degrees F
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-100-105 degrees F
-38-41 degrees C |
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How is re-warming shock prevented?
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-rewarm body trunk before the limbs to prevent vasodilation, causing shock due to blood voluime shift
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Best method of applying external heat to hypothermia patient (when tub is not available)
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-skin to skin contact
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Condition seen in connection with prolonged exposure to cold environments; limited motion of extremities and water soaked protective clothing.
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-Immersion foot
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S/S of immersion foot
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-tingling and numbness of the affected area. Swelling of the feet, legs, and hands; bluish discoloration of the skin, and painful blisters.
-Gangrene may occur |
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Tx of immersion foot
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-Get victim off feet as soon as possible
-Remove wet shoes, socks, and gloves to improve circulation -Expose the affected area to warm, dry air. -Keep the victim warm -Do not rupture blisters or apply salves or ointments. -If the skin is not broken or loose, the injured part may be left exposed; if transporting, cover with loosely wrapped fluff bandages of sterile gauze. -If the skin is broken, place a sterile sheet under the extremity and gently wrap it to protect the sensitive tissue. |
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What occurs when ice crystals form in the skin or tissue after exposure?
What temperature causes this? |
-Frostbite
-32 degrees |
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Frostbite occurs at temperatures of _______ degrees F or lower.
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-32
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What are the two classifications of frostbite?
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-Superficial and deep
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Describe superficial frostbite:
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-Surface of the skin is hard, and underlying tissue will be soft.
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Tx for superficial frostbite:
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-Take victim indoors
-Rewarm hands by placing them under the armpits, against the abdomen, or between the legs -Re-warm feet by placing them in the armpits or against the abdomen -Gradually rewarm with water immersion,skin to skin contact, hot water bottles. -NEVER rub an area of frostbite |
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With deep frostbite, rapidly rewarm frozen areas by immersion in water at ______ degrees F/ _______ degrees C
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100-105 degrees F
38-41 degrees C |
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Instructions for use of iodine tablets:
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-Fill canteen with cleanest water available
-Put one tablet in clean water -Put two tablets in cloudy water -Double the amount if you have a two quart canteen -Replace cap and wait 5 minutes -Shake the canteen -Loosen the cap and tip the canteen to allow leakage around the canteen threads. -Tighten the cap on the canteen and wait at least 30 minutes |
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Instructions for using calcium hydrochlorite
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-Fill canteen with cleanest water available. Leave airspace of 1 " or more below neck of canteen
-Fill a canteen cup 1/2 full of water and add the calcium hypochlorite from 1 ampule. -Stir with clean stick til powder is dissolved -Fill the cap of a plastic canteen 1/2 full of the solution in the cup -Add it to the water in the canteen -Place the cap on the canteen. Shake thoroughly -Loosen cap slightly and tip, allowing leakage into the cap's threads -Tighthen cap on canteen and wait at least 30 minutes |
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When is a cat hole used?
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-When on the march
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Dimension of a cat hole:
What is done after each use? |
-1 foot wide by 1 foot deep
-Completely cover and pack down with dirt |
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When is a straddle trench used?
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-for 1-3 day bivouac sites
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Dimensions of a straddle trench:
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-4 foot long x 2 1/2 feet deep and 1 foot wide
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Finished
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Finished
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