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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
bring stethoscopes to class next week. The elecricla nodes in the heart. Know A/V nodes and S/A nodes well. what does the size of the heart have to do w/ age?
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age has to do w/ size
physical conditioning, bigger it is and then slower it is a large heart can indicate heart disease. SO heart can be large from exercise AND disease |
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where does our heart sit? landmarks are: behind angle of louie?
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on top of the diaphram,
angle of louie, down a few ribs. |
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what shape is the heart. a triangle. upside down triangle. it is 2 pumps together. so failure is going to be
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right sided failure or left
sided failure so 2 things here ave. adult has 5 liters per minute pumped. |
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describe systole and idastole
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systole = contraction
diastole = relax or at rest so in systole it is sending blood. mitrail & tricusp are closing and otherer open |
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what makes valves open and close?
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due to pressure, and blood flows only in one direction.
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depolarization must happen in order for heart to
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contract
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ions moving across cell membrane cause
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depolarization
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selective permeability to ions creates an electrical imbalance: what?
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action potential
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cardiac cell at rest has
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internal (-) charge
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charge outside cell is
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(+)
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release of single impulse does
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begins polarization
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cell wall permeability
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changes
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ions move across membranes and the _______ changes
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polarity
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Na+ fastest
K+ faster Ca++ slow what else? |
Ca++
Na++ |
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if we get a hi potassium or a low potassium we are worried about
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heart function
there is a potential of dyrrhymia |
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Conduction system:
orderly conduction is important inherent rhythmic action (rate) (depends on location of pacemaker) normally sequential what is the normal pacemaker? |
the S/A node is the normal pacemaker and wants to be 60-100 a minute. as the pacemaked moves down the heart the beat will decrease!
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our conduction system is sequential. so normal sequence is:
-SA then -AV Bundle of HIS R and L bundles Purkinje Fibers |
this is the normal conduction route or sequence
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stroke volume:
amt of blood ejected per beat normal=70mL/minute CO=SV X HR how much blood in av. adult? |
look it up
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when we palpate a pulse, what are we really asessing?
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its actually a wave of blood. in the foot you can feel a wave of blood.
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control of stoke vol.
contractility: force of contraction preload: degree of stretch afterload: ? |
systemic resistance
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Preload is degree of stretch. what is this?
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how much the ventricle can take in, a good thing. its filling, and degree of stretch affects contactbility. the more the heart stretches too much it will act like a stretched out baloon and not work either.
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starling heart : the more the heart stretches, the more ...
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it gets to something . look it up
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what is afterload?
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its the systemic resistence
all the pressure out there in the system |
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the more resistence, the heart has to work harder. what processes would cause this/
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hypertension
arterioscleosis anyting that narrows the vessels |
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what does stonosis mean
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narrowing. so a vessel that is stonisis is hard to pump thru. this has to do w/ preload and afterload
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Starlings law is
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amount of load does somehting, look it up
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what is Atrial kick?
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(it accounts for 25-30% of CO)
its that help the atrical gives to help to fill the ventricles for really good ventrical output (I think) |
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what other conditions help Atrial Kick?
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I don't know ?????????????????
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a pacemaker can help with Atrial Kick.
Now: Heart Rate and factors that influence it: metabolic activity amt of o2 avaliable pH of body fluids body temp endocrine: thyroid & adrenals no answer but more notes |
pH=the acid the higher heart rate
endocrine hyperthyroid has higher heart rate. the adrneal will make heart rate go up |
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EKG or Electrocardiogram
quick, easy, non-evasive shows electrical activity shows rate also detects? |
Ischemia (lack of o2)
old and new infactions dysrhymias |
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Echocardiogram is"
non-evasive ultrasound Detects? |
size: enlargment
shape motion: valves, contraction walls: if thickened ejection |
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Homosysteine is?
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serum test
byproduct of breakdown of AA normally changed to sulfate: out in urine casues vessel inflammation |
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C-Reative Protein
produced by the liver marker for inflammation appears/disappears quickly what else? |
linked to acute coronary syndrome
is normally up w/ autiommune disease |
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Triglycerides:
part of the lipid profile form of fat in bloodstream transported by VLDL (and LDL can help ID risk of coronary and vascular disease |
male 40 - 160 mg/gl
female 35-135 mg/dl |
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: released when ventricular disatolic pressure rises. elevated in:
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ventricular hypertophy
severe HTN, CHF |
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what the diff b/t hyperplasia and hyerthrophy:?
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look it up
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Ejection Fraction:
% of end-diastolic vol. ejected/stroke normally 55% to 75% of end-diastolic vol. is ejected by normal heart what else? |
used to measure cintractility
severe if less than 40% their ejection is really poor |
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Troponin T:
elevates in 3 to 5 hrs remains elevated up to 14 days affected by sleletal muscle what else? |
affected by renal disease
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Body mass index:
Weight Status |
below 18.5 underweight
-18.5 to 24.9 normal -25 to 29.0 overweight -30.0 & above obese |
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BMI = weight/height in in X 703
EX: 220lbs and is 6'3'' = BMI |
of 27.5 and this is overweight
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EKG = picyture of heart on a graph, on paper or oscilloscope
kinds: |
standard 12 lead
telemetry holter monitor |
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what is telemetry?
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a portable signaling thing to a heart monitor thing
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whats a holter monitor?
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24 - 48 hours tracks the heart
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standard 12 lead EKG
place multiple electrodes on body what will these do? |
read electrical activity of heart from different angles
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what does the telemetry do?
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3 leads are placed on chest
pt can ambulate w/ leads in place shows electrical activity fron one angle displayed on O scope |
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A 12 lead EKG looks at the left ventricle from diff. views.
What can you see w/ a EKG? |
rate
rhythm Dysrhythmias past or current ischemic damage electolyte imbalance it is all electrical antivity only does not show actual heart motion |
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brushing their teeth and get an interference? what is that called?
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an artifate
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cardiac monitor paper.
marked w/ squares large squares and small squares each large square contains 5 small squares each smal square is = 0.04 sec what else? |
each large sq. is = 0.20 sec
small lines at the top of the paper mark the seconds |
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Determining heart rate:
1) use this method if the rhythm is regular count # of large boxes b/t 2 R waves. Divide this # into 300. what next |
!2) use this method if th rhythm is irregular.
count # of R waves in 6 seconds and time slsala;fjasf |
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an EKG tracing is a group of waves that record the elcteical signal
we id the peices w/ letters: |
P Q R S T U
theese correscpond to variouspartos of the heart all together = a complex or waveform usually occur in alphi order bUT not always some may be absent some may appear more than once in the same oomplex |
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The P
the ORS The T so what? |
the P wave = the artrium p wave
the big QRS complex wave = the ventricle wave the T wave (biiger than p wave) its the resting of the ventricule its repolarizing. |