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7 Cards in this Set
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What opposition did Alexander II face? |
The peoples will: • The peoples will used propounded of the dead to cause revolution. • 4 attempts to kill the Tsar prior to successful assassination in 1881.Peasantry: Peasantry: • Disturbances of up to 10,000 peasant after emancipation • Land captains lulled revolts |
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What opposition did Alexander III face ? |
The populists: • Main populist; Chernyshevsky, Lavrov (Both Marxists) • 'Going to the people' (1873-74). 4000 uni students into countryside t politically educate peasant eventually land and liberty was formed in 1976 however it all failed as the peasants resented and rejected to students. Workers: • 1885 strike at Morozovelye works, over 8000 workers. • Striking was banned but after Bloody Sunday workers held sympathy strikers |
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What opposition did Nicholas II face? |
The Socialist Revolutionaries (The peoples will) : • Formed in 1901 led by Chernov. • 1905 split into radical left and moderate right wing • Between 1901 and 1905 they were apparently responsible for 2000 political killings • Biggest threat to the tsarist rule until 1917.
The Social Democrats: • Based on interpretations of Marxism by Plekhanov • The workers party • 1905 split in sub division - Mensheviks and Bolsheviks • Wanted to improve pay and get shorter working hours.
The Liberals: • Regarded themselves as Westerners • Wanted modernisation to be like western Europe • 1904 Pyotr Struve found the union of Liberation demanding freedoms and justice • Constitution assembly to be representative, Land distribution for peasant and improved working hours.
Kadets and Octoberist: • Kadets = constitutional Democrats led by Paul Milyukov • Kadets were intellectual arm of liberal movement • Octoberist include Guchkov and Rodzianko • Octoberists were loyal to the Tsar but wanted change.
Success of opposition: • Divide between those wanting change and those wanting to overthrow the Tsar completely • October manifesto seemed good but fundamental laws cancelled the progress out • Opposition was un - unified Peasantry: • The Black earth region revolts: Between 1908-1914 stolypins reforms pacified the peasant leaders. 1916, protested high food prices pressure due to high food demand 1917, attacks on landowners using incendiary. Black earth revolts showed a better organised and increasingly intellegant peasantry (peasant soviets) Workers: • Bloody Sunday 1905 • 1912, miner strike in Lena goldfields resulted in over 200 deaths at the hands of the army's brutality. • July 1914, St Petersburg strikes and the army was used to put them down. • 23rd Feb 1917 - Putilov works in St Petersburg. The railway workers challenged the Bolsheviks authority The railwaymen's union demanded to run the railway network independently from the Bolsheviks |
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What opposition did Lenin face ? |
Green armies: Mainly peasant groups who opposed Bolshevik rule • Kamenev, Zinoviev and Rykov (Bolsheviks) wanted coalitions with other socialist groups. • Provisional Government exiled and imprisoned Bolsheviks • Troika within the Politburo to combat Trotsky and his growing influence • Peasants began to rebel sue to things such as war communism. |
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What opposition did the Provisional Government face ? |
• The Bolsheviks, who eventually went on to seize power from the Provisional Government by exploiting 'peace bread and land'. • Peasants - Rural unrest the the government refuse to do anything regarding land reforms |
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What opposition did Stalin face ? |
Kamenev and Zinoviev: • They turned on stalin as they worried about his plans for foreign policy and peasantry • Formed the United opposition group along with Trotsky : • They were excluded from the Politburo • They opposed the NEP • They demanded free speech • In 1927 Trotsky was excluded from Stalin's political group • Trotsky provoked trouble and was considered responsible for organising the United opposition demonstration in October 1927. • Trotsky as a result was exiled to Kazakhstan.
Factionalists: • Began when Bukharin and Kamenev expressed their cones on collectivisation as it resembled aspects of war communism • Bukharin was removed from his position as president of the comintern in 1929 as well as his role as a member of the Politburo and editor of the Pravada
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What opposition did Khrushchev face? |
Political: • 1959, Approximately 11,000 counter revolutionaries in labour camps compared with 5.5 million in 1953 Peasantry: • J.N.Westwood - '[Stalin] spent much of his time in the countryside conferring with party secretaries... and making promises to peasants in the kind of earthy language they could understand,
Workers: • 1962, Workers at Novocherhassk protested against food shortages and rising food prices. Authorities killed 20 workers and ringleaders of the protest were executed. |
