09 Biology 102 20,21,22,23,24

Front 1

________ fits function in the animal body

Back 1

structure

Front 2

Anatomy

Back 2

is the study of an organism's structure

Front 3

Physiology

Back 3

is the study of the functions of an organism's structure

Front 4

The hierarchy of animal structure

Back 4

1) cellular level
2) Tissue level
3) Organ level
4) Organ system level
5) Organism level

Front 5

Tissue

Back 5

is an integrated group of similar cells that preform a specific function

Front 6

Organ

Back 6

is made up of two or more types of tissue that together preform a specific task

Front 7

Organ system

Back 7

consists of multiple organs that together preform a vital body function

Front 8

Organism

Back 8

contains a number of organ systems

Front 9

_________ are groups of cells with a common structure and function

Back 9

Tissues

Front 10

Epithelial tissue / epithelium

Back 10

occurs as sheets of tightly packed cells that cover body surfaces and line internal organs and cavities

Front 11

Basement membrane

Back 11

a dense mat of extracellular matrix consisting of fibrous proteins and sticky polysaccharides.

Front 12

Types of Epithelial tissue

Back 12

1) simple squamous
2) simple cuboidal
3) simple columnar
4) stratified squamous
5) stratified squamous

Front 13

Mucous Membrane

Back 13

secretes a slimy solution called mucous that lubricates the surface and keeps it moist.

Front 14

______tissue binds and supports other tissues

Back 14

Connective

Front 15

Connective tissue

Back 15

consists of a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix

Front 16

Loose connective tissue

Back 16

its matrix is a loose weave of fibers

Front 17

Fibrous connective tissue

Back 17

has a matrix of densely packed parallel bundles of collagen fibers , an arrangement that maximizes its nonelastic strengths.

Front 18

Adipose tissue

Back 18

stores fat in large,closely packed adipose cells held in a sparse matrix of fibers

Front 19

Cartilage

Back 19

the matrix of connective tissue that forms a strong but flexible skeletal material, consists of an abundance of collagen fivers embedded in a rubbery substance.

Front 20

Bone

Back 20

a rigid connective tissue has a matrix of collagen fibers embedded in calcium salts.

Front 21

Blood

Back 21

functions differently from other connective tissue. is a liquid called plasma that consists of water, salt and dissolved proteins

Front 22

Muscle tissue functions is _______

Back 22

movement

Front 23

Muscle tissue

Back 23

consists of bundles of long cells called muscle fibers and s the most abundant tissue in most animals

Front 24

Skeletal muscle

Back 24

is attached to bones by tendons and is responsible for voluntary movements of the body

Front 25

Cardiac muscle

Back 25

forms the contractile tissue of the heart

Front 26

Smooth muscle

Back 26

is smooth, is found in the walls of the digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries, and other internal organs.

Front 27

Nervous tissue forms a _________network

Back 27

communication

Front 28

nervous tissue

Back 28

senses stimuli and rapidly transmits information from one part of an animal to another.

Front 29

Neuron

Back 29

or nerve cell, which is uniquely specialized to conduct electrical nerve impulses

Front 30

Artificial tissues have _______

Back 30

medical uses

Front 31

_____ are made up of tissues

Back 31

Organs

Front 32

The order of the tissues in an organ

Back 32

1) epithelial
2) Connective
3) smooth muscle
4) connective tissue
5) epithelial

Front 33

________ systems work together to preform life functions.

Back 33

Organ

Front 34

Digestive system

Back 34

ingests and breaks down food into smaller chemical units to be used as fuel for cellular respiration: eliminates undigested material

Front 35

Circulatory System

Back 35

delivers nutrients and O2 to the body cells: carries co2 to the lungs and metabolic wastes to the excretory organs, the kidneys.

Front 36

Immune system

Back 36

defends the body against infections and cancer

Front 37

Lymphatic system

Back 37

returns fluid that leaks from blood vessels to the circulatory system: functions as part of the immune system

Front 38

Excretory system

Back 38

removes nitrogen-containing waste products form the blood regulates the chemical make up[ and water balance in the blood

Front 39

Endocrine system

Back 39

secretes chemicals, called hormones, that regulate body activities such as digestion, metabolism, growth, reproduction, heart rate, and water balance

Front 40

Nervous system

Back 40

coordinates body activities by detecting stimuli, integrating information,m and directing the body's responses

Front 41

Integumentary system

Back 41

protects against mechanical injury, infection, excessive hear or cold, and drying out.

Front 42

Skeletal system

Back 42

supports the body: protects certain internal organs such as the brain and lungs; provides the framework for muscles to produce movement

Front 43

Muscular system

Back 43

skeletal muscles produce movement, maintain posture, and produce heat

Front 44

Reproductive systems

Back 44

produce gametes and sex hormones: Female system provides organs to support and developing embryo and glands for producing milk

Front 45

Structural _______ enhance exchange between animals and their environment

Back 45

adaptations

Front 46

Homeostasis

Back 46

"a steady state" The animals way of regulating their internal environment, and depends on negative feed back

Front 47

Negative feed back

Back 47

in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that reverse the change

Front 48

who loves you

Back 48

Jim

Hint 48

your husband

Front 49

Different ways of ingesting food for animals

Back 49

1) Herbivores
2) Carnivores
3) Omnivores

Front 50

Herbivores
(herba, green crop)
(vorus, devouring)

Back 50

eat mainly plants and algae

Hint 50

animals that eat plants and algae are cattle, gorillas, snails, and sea urchins

Front 51

Carnivores (carne, flesh)

Back 51

eat other animals/ flesh

Hint 51

animals that eat flesh lions, hawks, spiders, and snakes

Front 52

Omnivores ( omnis, all)

Back 52

eats both flesh and plants

Hint 52

animals that eat both, crows, cockroaches, raccoons, and human

Front 53

Suspension feeders

Back 53

extract food particles suspended in the surrounding water

Front 54

Substrate feeders

Back 54

live in or on their food source and eat their way through it

Front 55

Fluid feeders

Back 55

obtain food by sucking nutrient-rich fluids from a living host, either a plant or an animal

Front 56

bulk feeders

Back 56

they ingest relatively large pieces of food

Front 57

Food processing in 4 stages

Back 57

1) ingestion
2) digestion
3) absorption
4) elimination

Front 58

Digestion occurs in _______ compartments

Back 58

specialized

Front 59

Gastrovascular cavity

Back 59

a digestive compartment with a single opening the mouth

Hint 59

cnidarians and flatworms have a gastrovascular cavity

Front 60

alimentary canal

Back 60

a digestive tube with two openings, a mouth and an anus

Front 61

Pharynx

Back 61

throat

Front 62

esophagus

Back 62

channel food to a crop, gizzard or stomach

Front 63

Crop

Back 63

a pouch like organ in which food is softened and stored

Front 64

stomachs & gizzards

Back 64

store food temporarily, but they are more muscular and they churn and grind the food

Front 65

Intestine

Back 65

chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur here

Front 66

Anus

Back 66

undigested materials are expelled through this

Front 67

The human digestive system consists of an _______&_______

Back 67

alimentary canal and accessory glands

Front 68

Once food is swallowed muscles propel it through the alimentary canal by_____, rhythmic waves of contraction of smooth muscles in the walls of the digestive tract.

Back 68

peristalsis

Front 69

Digestion begins in the _______

Back 69

oral cavity

Front 70

Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the ______

Back 70

oral cavity

Front 71

The food and breathing passages both open into the ____-

Back 71

pharynx / throat

Front 72

The esophagus squeezes food along to the ______ by peristalsis

Back 72

stomach

Front 73

The stomach stores food and breaks it sown with _____ and _____

Back 73

acid and enzymes

Front 74

Gastric juice

Back 74

the stomach secretes this which is made up of mucus, enzymes, and strong acids.

Front 75

Bacterial infections can cause _______

Back 75

ulcers

Front 76

The ________ intestine is the major organ of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

Back 76

Small

Front 77

Pancreas

Back 77

produces juice, a mixture of digestible enzymes and an alkaline solution rich in baicarbonate.

Front 78

Liver

Back 78

preforms a wide variety of functions, including the production of bile

Front 79

Bile

Back 79

contains bile salt that emulsify fats, making them more susceptible to attack by digestive enzymes

Front 80

Gallbladder

Back 80

store bile until it is needed in the small intestine

Front 81

duodenum

Back 81

is were the acid chyme squirted from the stomach mixes with bile from the gallbladder, pancreatic juices from the pancreas, and digestive enzymes from gland cells in the intestinal wall itself.

Front 82

The large intestine reclaims water and ________

Back 82

compacts the feces

Front 83

Large intestine or colon

Back 83

main function is to absorb water from the alimentary canal

Front 84

Adaptations of vertebrate ___________ reflect diet

Back 84

digestive systems

Front 85

Ruminant mammals

Back 85

such as cattle, sheep and deer have a more elaborate system for cellulose digestion.

Front 86

Vitamin

Back 86

is an organic nutrient that we must obtain form our diet,

Front 87

Minerals

Back 87

are simple inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts

Front 88

Animal feeding mechanisms

Back 88

include suspension, substrate, fluid, and bulk feeding

Front 89

animals may be what kind of eaters

Back 89

herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores

Front 90

4 stages of food processing

Back 90

ingestion, digestion , absorption and elimination

Front 91

Digestive compartments may be

Back 91

food vacuoles (sponges), a gastrovascular cavity ( cnidarians and flatworms) in most animals, a alimentary canal running form mouth to anus with specialized regions

Front 92

The human digestive system consists of

Back 92

an alimentary canal and accessory glands. The rhythmic muscle contractions of peristalsis squeeze food along the alimentary canal. The pyloric sphincter regulates passage of ofd from the stomach to the small intestine

Front 93

Oral cavity

Back 93

the teeth break up food, saliva moistens it, and salivary enzymes begin the hydrolysis of starch. The tongue pushes the bolus of food into the pharynx

Front 94

Pharynx and esophagus

Back 94

the swallowing reflex moves food from the pharynx into the esophagus, while keeping it out of the trachea.

Front 95

The stomach

Back 95

stores food and mixes it with acidic gastric juice. Pepsin in gastric juice begins the hydrolysis of protein.

Front 96

The large intestine

Back 96

or colon, reabsorbs water form undigested material. feces are stored in the rectum

Front 97

Three phases of gas exchange in an animal with lungs

Back 97

1) breathing
2) is the transport of gases by the circulatory system
3) body cells take up O2 from the blood and releases CO2 to the blood

Front 98

Respiratory surface

Back 98

are made up of living cells, whose plasma membranes must be wet to function properly.

Front 99

Gills

Back 99

are extension, or out foldings, of the body surface specialized for gas exchange.

Front 100

Tracheal system

Back 100

of insects is an extensive system of branching internal tubes

Front 101

lungs

Back 101

are internal sacs lined with moist epithelium,

Front 102

Gills are adapted for gas exchange in ________ environments

Back 102

aquatic

Front 103

Ventilation

Back 103

any mechanism that increases the flow of the surrounding water or air over the respiratory surface.

Hint 103

gills, tracheae or lungs

Front 104

Countercurrent exchange

Back 104

is the transfer of something from a fluid moving in one direction to another fluid moving in the opposite direction .

Front 105

The tracheal system of insects provides direct exchange between the ______ and ______

Back 105

air and body cells

Front 106

Terrestrial vertebrates have

Back 106

lungs

Front 107

our lungs are in the chest cavity , which is bonded at the bottom by a sheet of muscle called a ________

Back 107

Diaphragm

Front 108

Our breathing control centers are found in the _______

Back 108

pons and medulla oblongata

Front 109

Blood transports respiratory_______

Back 109

gases

Front 110

Hemoglobin carries o2 and helps transport CO2 and buffers the _____

Back 110

blood

Front 111

The human fetus exchanges gases withe the mother's ______

Back 111

bloodstream

Front 112

Gas exchange

Back 112

the interchange of O2 and CO2 between an organism and its environment, provides O2 for cellular respiration and removes its waste product, CO2 gas exchange often involves breathing, transport of gases, and exchange of gases with body cells

Front 113

Respiratory surfaces

Back 113

must be thin and moist for diffusion of O2 and CO2 to occur. In most animals, specialized body parts such as gills, tracheal systems, or lungs provide large respiratory surfaces for gas exchange.

Front 114

Gills

Back 114

are extensions of the body that absorb O2 dissolved in water. In a fish, gas exchange is enhanced by ventilation and the countercurrent flow of water and blood.

Front 115

Tracheal systems

Back 115

in insects transport O2 directly to body cells through a network of finely branched tubes

Front 116

Lungs

Back 116

most terrestrial vertebrates have lungs. In mammals, air inhaled through the nostrials passes through the pharynx and larynx into the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles to the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs. Mucus and cilia in the respiratory passes protect the lungs, but smoking can destroy these protections. Smoking causes lung cancer, hart disease, and emphysema

Front 117

Breathing

Back 117

is the alternation of inhalation and exhalation

Front 118

Breathing control centers

Back 118

in the brain keep breathing in tune with body needs, sensing and responding and the CO2 level in the blood. A drop in blood Ph triggers an increase in the rate and depth of breathing

Front 119

Circulation

Back 119

The heart pumps oxygen poor blood to the lungs, where it picks up O2 and drops off CO2. Then the heart pumps the oxygen rich blood to the body cells, where it crops off O2 and picks up CO2. Gases diffuse down partial pressure gradients in lungs and body tissues

Front 120

Hemoglobin

Back 120

in red blood cells transports oxygen, helps buffer the blood, and carries some CO2. Most CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ions in the plasma. A human fetus exchange gases with maternal blood in the placenta. Fetal hemoglobin enhances oxygen transfer from maternal blood. At birth rising CO2 in fetal blood stimulates the breathing control centers to initiate breathing.

Front 121

The circulatory system connects with all body ______

Back 121

tissues

Front 122

Double circulation

Back 122

blood is pumped in second time after it slows down in the capillary beds of the lungs

Front 123

Pulmonary circuit

Back 123

carries blood between the heart and the gas exchange tissues in the lungs.

Front 124

Systemic circuit

Back 124

carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body

Front 125

Open circulatory system

Back 125

Blood is pumped through open ended vessels and flows out among the cells there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid

Front 126

Closes circulatory system

Back 126

the blood is confined to the vessels which keep it distinct form the interstitial fluid

Front 127

A Circulatory system

Back 127

transports O2 and nutrients to cells and takes away CO2 and other wastes. Capillaries, the sites of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid, from intricate networks among tissue cells

Front 128

Types of internal transport

Back 128

Gastrovascular cavities function in both digestion and internal transport in cnidarians and flatworms. In the open circulatory systems of arthropods and many molluscs, a heart pumps blood through open ended vessels to bathe tissue cells directly. In closed circulatory systems, a heart pumps blood though arteries to capillaries,, veins return blood to the heart.

Front 129

Cardiovascular systems of vertebrates

Back 129

the two chambered heart of a fish pumps blood in a single circuit form gill capillaries to systemic capillaries and back to the heart. Land vertebrates have double circulation with separate pulmonary and systemic circuits. Amphibians and reptiles have three chambered hearts birds and mammals have four chambered hearts

Front 130

The mammalian heart

Back 130

has two thin walled atria that pump blood into the ventricles and tow thick walled ventricles that pump blood to all other body organs

Front 131

Cardiac cycle

Back 131

during diastole (relaxation) blood flows from the veins into the heart chambers during systole, contractions of the atria push blood into the ventricles and then stronger contractions of the ventricles propel blood into the large artieries. Cardiac output is the amount of blood/minute pumped into the systemic circuit. Heart valves prevent the back flow of blood.

Front 132

The Pacemaker (SA node)

Back 132

generates electrical signals that rigger contraction of the atria. The AV mode relays these signals to the ventricles. AN electrocardiogram records the electrical charges in the heart. Heart rate adjusts to body needs. A heart attack is damage to cardiac muscle usually resulting from a blocked coronary artery

Front 133

Blood pressure

Back 133

the force blood exerts on vessel walls, depends on cardiac output and the resistance of vessels. Pressure is highest in the arteries and lowest in the veins. blood velocity is slowest in the capillaries. Muscle contractions and one way valves keep blood moving through veins to the heart. Blood pressure is measured as systolic and diastolic pressures. Hypertension is a serous cardiovascular problem

Front 134

Capillary Exchange

Back 134

Constriction of arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters controls blood flow through capillary beds. The transfer of materials between blood and interstitial fluid occurs by diffusion and by pressure flow through clefts between epithelial cells. Blood pressure forces fluid out of the capillary at he arterial end, and osmotic pressure draws fluid in at the venous end.

Front 135

Blood

Back 135

consists of cells in a fluid plasma, which contains various inorganic ions, proteins, nutrients, wastes, gases, and hormones. Red blood cells ( erythrocytes) transport O2 bound to hemoglobin. WHite blood cells ( leukocytes) function both inside and outside the circulatory system to fight infections and cancer. The hormone erythropoietin regulates red blood cell production. Some athletes artificially increase their red blood cell number, a dangerous practice.

Front 136

Blood clotting

Back 136

when a blood vessel is damaged, platelets help trigger the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, forming a clot that plugs the leak

Front 137

Stem Cells

Back 137

divided in bond marrow to produce all blood cells and may be used to treat some blood disorders.

Front 138

Innate defenses

Back 138

against infection include the skin, mucous membranes, phagocytic cells, and antimicrobial proteins. Tissue damage triggers the inflammatory response, which can disinfect tissues and limit further infection. THe lymphatic system is a network of vessels and organs. THe vessels collect fluid from body tissues and return it as lymph to the blood. Lymph organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes, are packed with white blood cells that fight infections.

Front 139

The immune system

Back 139

counters specific invaders by responding to antigens. Infection or vaccination triggers active immunity, which allows the immune system to "remember" an invader. We can also temporarily acquire passive immunity. Tow kinds of lymphocytes carry out the immune response. Millions of kinds of B cells and T cells, each with different membrane receptors, wait in the lymphatic system, where they may respond to invaders. Antigen molecules have specific regions, called antigenic determinants, to which antibodies bind.

Front 140

Clonal selection

Back 140

When an antigen enters the body, it activates only a small subset of lymphocytes, those with complementary receptors. THe selected cells multiply into clones of short lived effector cells specialized for defending against the antigen that triggered the response and memory cells, which confer long term immunity. Activated by subsequent exposure to the antigen, memory cells amount a rapid and massive secondary immune response.

Front 141

Humoral immunity

Back 141

secreted by plasma ( effector) B cells, an antibody molecule has antigen binding sites specific to the antigenic determinants that elicited its secretion. Antibodies promote antigen elimination through several mechanism. Monoclonal antibodies are useful in research, diagnosis, and treatment of certain cancers

Front 142

Cell-mediated immunity

Back 142

Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells are the main effectors of cell mediated immunity, and helper T cells also stimulate the humoral responses. In cell mediated immunity, and antigen presenting cell displays a foreign antigen ( a non self molecule) and one of he bodies own self proteins to a helper T Cell. The helper T Cells receptors recognize the self non self complexes and the interaction activates the helper T cells and B cells. The aids virus attacks helper T cells, opening the way for opportunistic infections. Cytotoxic T cells bind to infected body cells and destroy them. Cytotoxic T cells may also attack cancer cells, which have abnormal surface molecules. The immune system normally reacts only against non self substances, not against self. Transplanted organs may be rejected because these cells lack the unique "fingerprint' of the recipient's self proteins.

Front 143

When immunity malfunctions.

Back 143

in autoimmune diseases, the system turns against the body's own molecules. iN immunodeficiency diseases, immune components are lacking and frequent infections occur. Allergies are abnormal sensitivities to antigens ( allergens) in teh surroundings.

Front 144

Homoeostasis refers to.....

Back 144

the body's ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment.

Front 145

Negative feedback

Back 145

the bodies ability to maintain consistency which counteracts change

Front 146

Positive feedback

Back 146

responds to enhance change ( example child birth)

Front 147

What are the 4 types of tissues

Back 147

1) epithelium
2) connective
3) muscle
4) nervous

Front 148

The 4 types of tissue go on to form

Back 148

organs such as lung, heart or stomach

Front 149

organs go on to form _____

Back 149

organ system

Front 150

Epithelial tissue

Back 150

line the bodies cavities and create membranes which restricts substance moving from inside an organ to the outside as well as the reverse.