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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Ectoderm
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Tissue which forms the Nervous system (neural plate, neural folds, neural groove, neural crests, flexures (bends) in neural tube, cerebral growth, brain vesicle formation)
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Features of the Cerebrum
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Cerebral cortex; Hemispheres (R and L); Lobes (Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital); Gyri (convolutions, like hills); Sulcus and Fissures (Longitudinal Fissure)
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Longitudinal Fissure
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separates left and right cerebral hemispheres
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Cerebellum
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hemispheres; vermis (wormlike ring at bottom that divides cerebellum L/R); flocculonodular lobe (anterior cerebellum top)
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Forebrain - Diencephalon
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Superior to brainstem.
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Forebrain - Diencephalon
Thalamus |
relay station for input from other parts of CNS (brain and spinal tracts) to the cerebral cortex.
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Forebrain - Diencephalon
Hypothalamus |
master region: bladder fullness, stomach fullness (satiety) , hunger, thirst, temperature (hot/cold)
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Forebrain - Diencephalon
Basal Ganglia / Basal Nuclei |
Masses of cerebral gray matter buried in white matter, lateral to thalamus.
Caudate Putamen Globus pallidus Amygdala Claustrum Get input from substantia nigra of m idbrain and motor areas of cerebral cortex, send signals back and forth between these locations. Motor Control. |
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Brainstem
Medulla |
Pyramids where motor tracts cross over to ther side, decussation. Contains cranial nerve nuclei of VIII , IX, X, XI, XII
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Brainstem
Pons |
Contains cranial nerves (nuclei) of V, VI, VII, and VIII
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Brainstem
Midbrain / mesencephalon |
cerebral peduncles connect upper/lower parts of brain/spinal cord. Contains cranial nerves (nuclei) of II, IV
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Location |
In subarachnoid space around brain, spinal cord, ventricles.
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
What is it secreted by? |
Choroid plexus, a capillary network in all ventricles lined by ependymal cells
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Total Volume |
140 ml
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Production per day |
500 ml
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
pH |
7.4 or 7.35
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Purpose |
Protect brain and spinal cord from injury, float it so it weighs less on neck. Circulates to exchange nutrients and remove wastes.
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Ventricles for CSF
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Lateral - 1 in each cerebral hemisphere; IVF of Monroe - two canals; Third ventricle - one chamber surrounded by Thalamus; Cerebral Aqueduct - canal through midbrain; Fourth Ventricle - one chamber, 3 openings foramen of magendie (median, 1) foramen of Luschka (lateral, 2)
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CSF Reabsorbed
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by arachnoid villi into superior sagittal sinus -->sigmoid sinus --> internal jugular vein where it meeets with subclavian vein to form brachiocephalic vein (R and L)
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Hydrocephalus
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abHYDROCEPHALUS: an abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles or subarachnoid spaces of the brain due to infection, trauma, inflammation, blockage, etc.. Brain damage because of pressure.
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Hydrocephalus
Communicating |
obstruction of the subarachnoid space or basal cisterns that prevents drainage of CSF through arachnoid villi into the superior sagittal sinus. However, the subarachnoid space and cisterns are in communication with the ventricles.
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Hydrocephalus
Noncommunicating |
obstruction of CSF circulation at or proximal to the foramina of Luschka and Magendie. This prevents one or more ventricles from communicating with the subarachnoid space.
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BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER (BBB)
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A tight capillary system that is selective to the entry of materials in to the brain tissue. The tight junctions seal together the endothelial cells of brain capillaries surrounded by a continuous basement membrane
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Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
Capillaries |
1. continuous - most areas of the brain
2. fenestrated - selected areas of brain,windows lipid soluble chemicals can pass through, and glucose (anasthesia) |
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Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
Astrocytes |
role of astrocytes that provide a selective permeability into the brain
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Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
Permeability |
a few water soluble substances, such a glucose, pass by active transport; lipid soluble substances readily pass such permeability to caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, anesthetics; O2 and CO2 also lipid soluble substances pass through the BBB into the brain cells
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Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
Lack of Permeability to certain substances |
lack of permeability to proteins, antibiotics, and potassium
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Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
CVA and TIA |
cerebrovascular accident, (CVA, stroke - disturbance in blood vessels to brain), transient ischemic attacks (TIA‘s) - ministroke (disturbance of blood supply)
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Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
chemotherapy |
mannitol (sugar) and chemotherapeutic agents/drugs
difficulty in getting these drugs to cross BBB |
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Fissures of Cerebrum
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longitudinal fissure (separates R and L hemispheres); transverse fissure (divides cerebrum from cerebellum)
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Sulci (Sulcus) of Cerebrum
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central sulcus (coronal/frontal plane) Lateral Sulcus (or Sylvian Fissure, between frontal and temporal lobes)
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Cerebrum
Name the areas in the pre and post central areas of the cerebrum. |
1st degree somatosensory (post central) and motor (precentral)
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Sensory Areas in Cerebrum
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1st degree somatosensory area (“post central” gyrus); somatosensory association area; sensory homunculus; thalamus of the diencephalon - preliminary interpretation of stimuli
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Cerebrum - Primary Visual Area (cortex)
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On occipital lobe, visual association area.
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Cerebrum - Primary Auditory Area (cortex)
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On termporal lobe, below lateral sulcus, auditory association (Wernicke’s) area (aphasia area)
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Cerebrum - Motor Areas
Primary Motor Area of Frontal Lobe |
1 degree somatomotor (precentral gyrus); motor homunculus; premotor area (cortex - motor association area); destruction of premotor area means loss of motor control
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Cerebrum - Motor Areas
Primary (Motor) Speech Area |
frontal lobe, Broca's areas - left side of frontal lobe, aphasia, speech pathology
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Association Areas
Location of Somatosensory area |
frontal lobe
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Association Areas
Location of Visual Association Area |
occipital lobe
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Association AReas
Auditory Association - Wernicke's Area |
located inferior and posterior to primary auditory area in temporal lobe - determine if sound is speech, music, or noise, translate words into thought
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Basal Ganglia (Nuclei)
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Several (5) groups of nuclei (cell bodies in CNS) in each cerebral hemisphere
Caudate, Putamen, Globus pallidus, Amygdala, Claustrum regulation of muscle tone required for specific body movement; helps to modify (or refine) voluntary movements initiated from the primary motor area |
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Epithalamus
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forms roof of third ventricle, contains choroid plexus; pineal body - body rhythms. Hormone melatonin (along with hypothalamus) for regulation of sleep-wake cycle and aspects of mood
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Thalamus (inner room)
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forms roof of third ventricle, contains choroid plexus; pineal body - body rhythms. Hormone melatonin (along with hypothalamus) for regulation of sleep-wake cycle and aspects of mood
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Hypothalamus (below thalamus)
Homeostasis |
Satiety, master region, autonomic nervous ssytem (blood pressure, heart beat rate force of heart contraction, digestion, breathing, pupils); pituitary (GNRH, TRH, etc) homrones in hypothalamus, ADH, Oxytocin. Infindibulum (stalk to pituitary gland)
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Brain Stem
Corpora quadrigemina |
superior collliculi - reflex for eye, head, neck in resp. to visual stim.
Inferior colliculi - head/trunk movements in response to auditory stim. Thinkk "eyes above ears" |
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Features of Medulla Oblongatta
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pyramids, decussation, respiratory centers, cardiovascular center, olives (relay info on stretch), Cranial nerves 8-12); damage to medulla - death
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Reticular Formation
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extends through central core of brain stem, into spinal cord. sensory and motor.
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Reticular Formation -
Reticular Activating System (RAS) |
sleeping, filters out noise you don't need to be concerned about, boots up on emergency.
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Cerebellum - small brain
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coordination; informed of cerebral initiated voluntary muscle contractions; receives information from proprioreceptors in body and from visual and equilibrium pathways; asses the above and coordinates muscular force, direction and extent of muscle contraction; arbor vitae (tree of life) - white matter
ataxia - cerebellar dysfunction |
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Two major pigmented ares of cross sectional brain
Substantia Nigra and Locus Cerulus |
substantia nigra cells of midbrain (site of Parkinson's Disease) - release NE (inhibotory); project to basal ganglia and Locus Cerulus (pons) adrenal gland of brain, wakefulness and attention, REM sleep
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Deficits of cranial nerve lesions
Oculomotor |
diplopia (double vision), eye points down and out (lateral strabismus), ptosis, and dilated pupil
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Deficits of cranial nerve lesions
Trochlear |
Diplopia (double vision), difficulty reading; looking down and in (medial rotation of the eye)
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Deficits of cranial nerve lesions
Abducens |
Diplopia (double vision), eye points nasal; medial strabismus
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Deficits of cranial nerve lesions
Trigeminal |
Paralysis of muscles of mastication and tensor tympani muscle, deficits in all sensory modalities of the face.
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Deficits of cranial nerve lesions
Facial |
Paralysis of facial muscles and stapedius muscle; loss of serous secretion by tehipsilateral alcrimal (most significant), submandibular, and sublingual glands
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Deficits of cranial nerve lesions
Vestibular nucleus (vestibulocochlear) |
Vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus (unwilled eye movements) away from the lesioned side
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Deficits of cranial nerve lesions
Cochlear nucleus (vestibulocochlear) |
hearing loss
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Deficits of cranial nerve lesions
Glossopharyngeal |
Loss of gag reflex (sensory)
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Deficits of cranial nerve lesions
Vagus |
Paralysis of pharyngeal muscles (difficulty swallowing) and laryngeal muscles (hoarseness), palate droop, uvula deviates to opposite side
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Deficits of cranial nerve lesions
Accessory |
Loss of trapezius (shrugging shoulder) and sternocleidomastoid (turning of head) muscles
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Deficits of cranial nerve lesions
Hypoglossal |
Paralysis of tongue muscles; tongue protrudes to the side of the lesion
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Cerebellum Lesion Signs
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intentional tremor or non-resting tremor (shake when they try to do something. Standing they are just fine)
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Parkinson's signs
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non-intentional tremor, resting tremor. If they are not doing something but just resting, they are shaking.
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Cerebellar lesions
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think Cerebellum / coordination
ipsilateral side dysmetria (past pointing) Ataxia Adiachokinesia - can't rapid eye move Nystagmus - to and from eye move, on opposite side from lesion |