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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Median age in Turkey 2014 |
30.4
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Birth Rate in Turkey, 2014
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crude birth rate : 16.9%
fertility rate : 2.07 children # of births : 1,283,062 |
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Death Rate in Turkey, 2014
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crude death rate : 4.9%
infant rate : 13,900 (10.8%) # of deaths : 372,094 |
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Life Expectancy |
76.9 years old |
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Smoking Rates in Turkey
in 2008 & 2012 |
in 2008: 31.2%
in 2012: 26.8% |
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Causes of Disease (Personal) |
genetic
hormonal metabolic |
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Causes of Disease (External)
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physical : trauma
chemical : toxins deficiencies : vitamins biological : microorganisms psychological : stress |
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Cigarette vs Waterpipe |
5-7 min .... 20-80min
8-12 puffs ... 50-200 puffs 0.04-0.075L each ... 0.15-1.0L each |
length, # of puffs, liters of smoke inhaled
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the percentage of people who saw a physician in the last 12 months in Turkey |
59.8%
(51.4% male, 68% female) |
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Health Promotion |
•any combination of health education and related organizational, economic, social, and environmental support for behavior conducive to health |
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Alma-Ata Declaration |
•1978 |
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Helsinki Statement |
•2013 |
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How can most of our health problems be resolved? |
changing behavior underneath the iceberg of "behavior" is experience, culture, tradition, perception of health |
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Health Promotion is like a tree with branches and roots... |
Branches = healthy lifestyle, behavioral enhancement, environmental changes, ensuring quality of life
Roots= motivation techniques, legal arrangement, community participation, communication |
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When is Global Handwashing Day? Walk to School Month? |
October 15th! October! |
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Health Education |
-Any combination of learning experiences designed to predispose, enable, and -is the bark of the tree!! |
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Challenges of Health Promotion |
-advocacy (political commitment) -social support (public attn) -empowerment
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Reasons why communicable diseases are still prevalent |
-travel (tourism) -deforestation (industry) -pest control |
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New communicable diseases since 1980 |
-1980 Toxic Shock Synd(TSS) -1982 Lyme -1983 HIV -1994 Mad Cow Synd (nvCJD) -2001 SARS -2009 H1N1 |
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Most Common Communicable Diseases in Turkey |
1. Influenza 2. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic 3. Dairrheal 4. Tuberculosis 5. Varicella (chickenpox) 6. HPV 7. Hep A/B/C 8. Meningitis 9. Pneumococcal 10.HIV |
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Chain (Life Cycle) of Infection |
reservoir --> exit --> transmission --> susceptible host --> agent -->
source -> transmission -> susceptible host -> source |
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Infectivity vs Pathogencity |
infectivity: ability of agent to invade and multiply in a host (ID50) pathogenicity: ability to produce clinically apparent illness |
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Virulence |
-degree of pathogencity -measured LD50 -disease severity -how fatal/deadly a pathogen is |
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Epidemic vs Endemic |
epidemic: unexpected outbreak -Ebola endemic: constant presence -Varicella (chickenpox) -Influenza sporadic case: occurs infrequently & irregularly |
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Carriers (3 Types) |
1. Incubatory (before symptoms) 2. Convalecent (after recovering) 3. Chronic (always) |
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Types of Transmission |
1. Direct 2. Indirect (air, object, vector) Airborne Droplet (Measles) Droplet nuclei (Mumps) Dust (Tuberculosis) |
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Factors of Infectivity |
1. number of micoorganism 2. particle size 3. force with which they are propelled 4. resistance to drying 5. temp & humidity of air 6. distance to host |
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Dermal Transmission |
skin lessions ie staph |
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Personal Transmitted |
close contact |
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Urinary Transmission |
-not common -thyphoid fever Leptospirosis (animal host) |
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Sexually Transmitted |
-Hep B/C -Gonorrhea -Syphilis -HIV males transmit females more often than vice versa |
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Perinatal Transmission |
vertically: congenital syphilis horizontally: infected cervix to baby clamidia, gonococcal opftalmia acquired: immediately after birth |
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Zoonoses Arthropod |
Malaria, Biting rabies |
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Defense Mechanism of Host |
1. Age 2. Genetics 3. Body mucus, skin, coughin 4. Nutrition 5. Behavior 6. Age 7. Gender |
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1°, 2° and 3° Prevention
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1°= prevent people from getting disease in the first place (education, laws, screening, immunization, controlling hazards) |
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Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) |
-entered into force Feb 27 2005 -179 participants (El Salvador last) out of the 196 countries in the world -Turkey is a partner -recommends bans on promotion of tobacco -hopes to prevent 2nd hand smoke
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FCTC &Turkey |
-Turkey signed in 2004 -In 2009, Turkey became the 3rd country in Europe to be 100% smoke free, following UK & Ireland. |
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MPOWER |
To prevent Tobacco epidemic: Monitor use & prevention Protect from 2ndhand smoke Offer help to quit Warn of dangers Enforce bans Raise taxes |
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How many people are covered by at least one effective tobacco control measure? |
One third of the world's population (2.3 billion people) |
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What are the percentages of MPOWER coverage? (% out of 100 each) |
M- monitoring - 40% P- smoke free envirn- 16% O- quit programs-15% W- labels- 14% / Media-54% E- bans -10% R- taxes -8% |
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Smoke-free places reduced consumption of tobacco by ___%. |
29% |
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Among smokers who are aware of the dangers of smoking, what percentage want to quit? |
3 out of 4 |
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Which country put graphic warnings on the packages of cigrattes? and When? |
In Dec 2012, Australia made a huge move |
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Increasing taxes by 10%, decreases consumption by .... |
4% in high-income countries & 8% in low-income countries |
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Anti Tobacco Legislation No 4207 |
-created in 1996 -revised in Jan 2008, May 2008 -"smoke-free" Turkey Jul 19 2009 -waterpipe IS included
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National Coalition on Tobacco and Health (SSUK) |
-since 1995 -represents 40 organizations -plans events for World No Tobacco Day May 31 |
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Doctor's Role in Tobacco Control |
1. be a role model (not smoke) 2. consult 3. advise to quite (84% inc in possibility of quitting) 4. know up-to-date info 5. warn about second hand smoke |
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Mortality vs Morbidity Incidence vs Prevalence |
Mortality= # of deaths Morbidity= individuals w poor health Incidence= % of population to have a condition at a given time (risk of contracting) Prevalence= # new cases / total population (how widespread) |
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Tobacco epidemic kills... how many people worldwide?
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6 million annually
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How many people die from second hand smoke?
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600,000 non-smokers
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What is the # of deaths by tobacco expected to be in 2030?
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8 million
(if gone unchecked) |
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How many women are smokers?
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200 million
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What is the frequency of 2nd hand (passive smoke)?
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Europe : 28.6%
Eastern Mediterranean : 10.6% Africa : 8.8% Americas : 5.6% Western Pacific : 19.5% South East Asia : 26.9% |
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What percentages of men, women, & children will die from second hand smoke?
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men 26%, women 47%, children 28%
75% are women and children |
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Second hand smoke exposure of adolescents
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50% exposed at home
80% exposed in public places |
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Smoking causes these health problems
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-cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
••no cure, lack of air, bronchitis -cancer -men have lower sperm count -Inc chance of diabetes ••diabetes patients take more insulin |
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