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8 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Managing Tectonic Hazards

•A hazard is something that’s a potential threat to human life or property.•Tectonic hazards can have many impacts on people and their environment. However, some of these impacts can be reduced by management strategies such as prediction, building techniques, planning and education.

PREDICTION EARTHQUAKES

•Currently impossible to predict, but there are clues than an earthquake is about to happen, such as small tremors, cracks appearing in rocks and strange animal behaviours (rats leaving nests, birds taking to the sky etc.)•Earthquake warning systems can detect P waves but only after an earthquake has begun. These waves travel faster than other types of wave and cause less damage so can be used as a warning for stronger tremors.•it is possible to predict where future earthquakes will happen using data from past earthquakes. These places can then prepare themselves.

PREDICTION VOLCANOES

•Possible to roughly predict when an eruption will happen, for example tiny tremors or the changing of the shape of the volcano can mean an eruption is likely.•Prediction allows people to be evacuated.•Even if there is enough warning, it can be difficult to evacuated people because people often don't want to leave their homes or don't believe the eruption will actually happen.

PREDICTION TSUNAMIS

•Tsunami warning systems rely on earthquake warning systems. If an earthquake occurs in an area that is likely to cause a tsunami, a warning is issued.•There are tsunami warning centres all over the world.•Early warnings give people time to evacuate however this relies on good communication systems. If people don't receive a warning message they wont evacuated. Also if an earthquake occurs near the shore, it will reach the land very quickly so people won’t have time to leave the area.

BUILDING TECHNIQUES EARTHQUAKES

•Buildings can be designed to withstand earthquakes, by using song materials like reinforced concrete or building special foundations that absorb an earthquakes energy•Construction laws in some earthquake-prone countries have become structure in recent years which means newer buildings are more likely to withstand earthquakes.

BUILDING TECHNIQUES VOLCANOES

•Buildings cannot be built to withstand lava flows, but they can be strengthened so they're less likely to collapse under the weight of falling ash.•It is possible to divert the lava from volcanoes away from settlements using barriers, such as after the eruption of Etna, where a rubble barrier was built 10m high an 400m long on its slopes. Only possible when lava is slow moving and there is sufficient warning.

BUILDING TECHNIQUES TSUNAMIS

•Buildings with raised, open foundations and made of strong materials are more likely to withstand the force of water.•In some places tsunami walls have build around settlements to protect them. They're not always effective though, as tsunamis can breach them.

PLANNING & EDUCATION

•Future developments can be planned to avoid the areas most at risk•Emergency services can train and prepare for disasters•Governments can plan evacuation routes, for example in Oregon leaflets are provided containing evacuation route maps in case of a tsunami.•Governments and other organisations can education people about what to do in a disaster and how to evacuate.•All of the above are very cost-effective.