Fluid, Electrolyte, And Acid-Base Balance

Front 1

ECF

Back 1

Extracellular fluid

Front 2

What makes up extracellular fluid

Back 2

Intravascular fluid, interstitial fluid, and transcellular fluid

Front 3

What is intravascular fluid?

Back 3

The liquid portion of blood, plasma

Front 4

What is interstitial fluid?

Back 4

Fluid located between Cell and outside the blood vessels

Front 5

What is transcellular fluid?

Back 5

Cerebrospinal, floral, peritoneal, and synovial fluids, secreted by epithelial cells

Front 6

ICF

Back 6

Intracellular fluid

Front 7

What is intracellular fluid?

Back 7

Fluid inside of the cells

Front 8

pH

Back 8

7.35-7.45

Front 9

What does pH measure?

Back 9

PH measures the free hydrogen concentration, it is a measure of how acid or alkaline the blood is, small changes in pH mean large changes in hydrogen concentration

Front 10

pH below 7.35 is called what?

Back 10

Acidic

Front 11

pH above 7.45 is called what?

Back 11

Alkaline

Front 12

PaCO2

Back 12

35-45 mmHg

Front 13

PaCO2 is what?

Back 13

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, they measure of how well the loan for is greetings co2 produced by the cells

Front 14

Increased PaCO2 means what?

Back 14

CO2 accumulation in the blood, more carbonic acid, caused by hypoventilation

Front 15

Decreased PaCO2 means what?

Back 15

Hyperventilation, excessive co2 excretion, less carbonic acid

Front 16

HCO3

Back 16

22-26 mEq/L

Front 17

What is HCO3?

Back 17

Bicarbonate, concentration of the base, alkaline substances, a measure of how well the kidneys are excreating metabolic acids

Front 18

What does increased HCO3 indicate?

Back 18

That the blood has too few metabolic acids

Front 19

What does a decrease in HCO3 indicate?

Back 19

That the blood has too many metabolic acids

Front 20

PAO2

Back 20

80-100 mmHg

Front 21

What is PaO2?

Back 21

Partial pressure of oxygen, a measure of how well gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs

Front 22

SaO2

Back 22

95-100%

Front 23

What is SaO2?

Back 23

The percent of hemoglobin that is carrying as much oxygen as possible, oxygen saturation

Front 24

SaO2 is influenced by what?

Back 24

pH, PaCO2, and body temperature; it drops rapidly when PaO2 falls below 60

Front 25

Cations are what?

Back 25

Positively charged ions, sodium, potassium calcium, and magnesium

Front 26

What are anions?

Back 26

Negatively charged ions, chloride, and bicarbonate

Front 27

What is osmolality?

Back 27

It measures the number of particles per kilogram of water

Front 28

Hypotonic

Back 28

More dilute than blood, (cell swells)

Front 29

Hypertonic

Back 29

More concentrated than blood, (cell shrinks)

Front 30

What is active transport?

Back 30

The movement of electrolytes across cell membranes against the concentration gradient, it requires energy in the form of ATP, (ex. Sodium potassium pump), it allowed Cell to maintain high intracellular electrolyte concentrations

Front 31

Extra cellular fluid has a higher concentration of what electrolytes?

Back 31

Na, Cl, HCO3

Front 32

Intracellular fluid has a higher concentration of what electrolytes?

Back 32

K, Mg, and PO4

Front 33

What is diffusion?

Back 33

The passive movement of electrolytes or other particles down the concentration gradient, it requires protein that serves as ion channels

Front 34

What is osmosis?

Back 34

the process by which water moves through a membrane that separates fluids with different particle concentration

Front 35

What is osmotic pressure?

Back 35

An inward pulling force caused by particles and the fluid, water moves into a compartment that has higher osmotic pressure

Front 36

What does IV hypotonic solution do?

Back 36

Dilutes and interstitial fluid, water moves into cells till the two osmotic pressures are equal

Front 37

What do IV hypertonic solutions do?

Back 37

Causes water to leave cells by osmosis to equalize osmolality between interstitial and intracellular compartments

Front 38

Hydrostatic pressure

Back 38

the force of fluid pressing outward against a surface

Front 39

What are colloids?

Back 39

Albumin & proteins in blood

Front 40

What is colloid osmotic pressure?

Back 40

Inward pulling force caused by blood proteins that moves fluids from interstitial areas back to capillaries

Front 41

What is oncotic pressure?

Back 41

Colloid osmotic pressure of the blood

Front 42

How does fluid move into a capillary?

Back 42

At the venous end, removing waste products from cellular metabolism

Front 43

What do lymph vessels do?

Back 43

remove any extra fluid and protein that have leaked into the interstitial fluid

Front 44

What processes play a roll in fluid homeostasis?

Back 44

fluid intake and absorption, fluid distribution, and fluid output

Front 45

Average fluid intake of adults:

Back 45

2300 mL per day

Front 46

Who is at risk for dehydration?

Back 46

Infants, patience with neurological or psychological problems, and some older adults who are unable to communicate

Front 47

Where is the thirst control mechanism located?

Back 47

Hypothalamus

Front 48

How does fluid output normally occur?

Back 48

through the skin, long, GI tract, and kidneys

Front 49

What are some examples of abnormal fluid output?

Back 49

vomiting, wound drainage, or hemorrhage

Front 50

How much fluid moved into the GI tract daily then returns again to extra cellular fluid?

Back 50

3 to 6 L

Front 51

What influences urine production?

Back 51

ADH, RAAS, and ANP

Front 52

What is RAAS?

Back 52

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Front 53

Where is ADH released?

Back 53

Posterior pituitary glad

Front 54

What does ADH act on?

Back 54

Kidney collecting ducts

Front 55

What does ADH ( antidiuretic horomone ) do?

Back 55

it causes renal cells to reabsorb water, taking the water from the renal tubular fluid and putting it back into the blood, this decreases urine volume

Front 56

What factors increase ADH levels?

Back 56

severely decreased blood volume, dehydration, hemorrhage, pain, stressors, and some medications

Front 57

What does RAAS do?

Back 57

regulate extra cellular fluid volume by influencing how much sodium and water are excited in urine, also contributes to regulation on BP

Front 58

Kidneys release what enzyme?

Back 58

Renin

Front 59

What does renin do?

Back 59

Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which another enzyme in the lung capillaries convert to angiotensin II

Front 60

What does angiotensin II do?

Back 60

Stimulates aldosterone release from adrenal cortex, and causes vasoconstriction in some capillary beds

Front 61

What does aldosterone do?

Back 61

it circulate to the kidneys where it causes re absorption of water and sodium, it also contribute to the electrolyte and acid base balance by increasing urinary excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions

Front 62

What could cause RAAS action to occur?

Back 62

If hemorrhage or vomiting decreases the extra cellular fluid volume, blood flow decreases through the renal arteries, and more Renin is released, this increased RAAS activity causes more sodium and water retention helping to restore extra cellular volume

Front 63

What causes ANP to be released?

Back 63

Cells in the atria of the heart when they are stretched

Front 64

ANP opposes the effect of what?

Back 64

Aldosterone

Front 65

What does ANP regulate?

Back 65

extra cellular volume by influencing how much sodium and water are excreted in urine

Front 66

What is hypovolemia?

Back 66

Decreased vascular volume

Front 67

Hypernatremia

Back 67

Hypertonic condition, high levels of Na+, greater than 145mEq/L, dehydration.

Front 68

Hyponatremia

Back 68

Water excess, water intoxication; low levels of Na+, less than 135mEq/L

Front 69

What theee processes are involed in electrolyte homeostasis?

Back 69

electrolyte intake and absorption, electrolyte distribution, and electrolyte output

Front 70

Extracellular fluid volume deficit

Back 70

Body fluids have decreased volume, but not tonicity

Front 71

ECV deficit causes:

Back 71

diarrhea, vomiting, over use of laxative, use of diuretics, adrenal insufficiency, hemorrhage, or burns

Front 72

ECV deficit lab findings:

Back 72

BUN greater than 25mg/dL, increased hematocrit, urine spacific gravity greater than 1.030

Front 73

Hypovolemic shock is related to:

Back 73

ECV deficit (dehydration )

Front 74

ECV excess

Back 74

Increased fluid volume but normal tonicity

Front 75

ECV excess causes:

Back 75

excessive intake of salty Foods and water, decreased renal output caused by elevated Aldosterone, chronic heart failure, decreased renal output from other causes like renal disease

Front 76

Pulmonary edema can be related to:

Back 76

Excess ECV, edema

Front 77

ECV excess lab findings:

Back 77

BUN less than 10mg/dL, decreased hematocrit

Front 78

What important function involves K+?

Back 78

Maintain resting membrane potential of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle allowing for normal muscle function

Front 79

What important function involves calcium?

Back 79

influences excitability of nerve and muscle cells, is necessary for muscle contractions

Front 80

What important function involves magnesium?

Back 80

the function of neuro muscular junction and it is a co factor for numerous enzymes

Front 81

What important function involves phosphate (PO4)?

Back 81

it is necessary for production of ATP, the energy source for cellular metabolism

Front 82

Hypokalemia

Back 82

Abnormally low K concentration in the blood, 3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Front 83

What does hypokalemia cause?

Back 83

muscle weakness, which becomes life-threatening if it includes respiratory muscles and potentially life-threatening cardiac dysthymias

Front 84

Hyperkalemia

Back 84

abnormally high potassium ion concentration in the blood, greater than 5.0mEq/L

Front 85

What is oliguria?

Back 85

decreased urine output

Front 86

What can hyperkalemia cause?

Back 86

muscle weakness, potentially life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias, and cardiac arrest

Front 87

Who is at risk for hypocalcemia?

Back 87

people who have acute pancreatitis frequently develop hypocalcemia because calcium binds too fat and in their feces and is excreted

Front 88

When examining a patient with hypocalcemia you may find:

Back 88

Positive Chvostek's sign, positive Trousseau's sign, numbness and tingling of fingers and around the mouth, hyperactive reflexes, muscle twitching and cramping, seizurez, laryngospasm, and cardiac dysrhythmias

Front 89

What symptoms might you find with hypermagnesemia?

Back 89

decrease rate and depth of respirations, cardiac dysrhythmias , cardiac arrest