Block V - Chemical, Biological And Radiological Warfare

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The term "NBC environment"

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includes a deliberate or accidental employment or threat of NBC weapons attack with other CBR materials, including toxic industrial materials

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Chemical Warfare

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the employment of chemical agents that are intended for use in military operations to kill, seriously injure, or incapacitate personnel due to their physiological effect

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4 Types of chemical agents

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Nerve Agents, Blister Agents, Blood Agents, Choking Agents

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Nerve Agents

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Liquid agents that disrupt nerve impulses to the body while damaging body functions rather than tissue.

Examples are Sarin (GB), Tabun (GA), SOMAN (GD), and VX.

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Blister Agents

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Liquid or solid agents that can cause inflammation, blisters, and general destruction of tissues which often results in temporary blindness and/or death.

Examples are Distilled mustard (HD), Lewisite (L), Phosgene Oxime (CX), and Levinstein Mustard (HL).

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Blood Agents

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Gaseous agents that attack the enzymes carrying oxygen in the blood stream. Rapid breathing or choking may occur due to lack of oxygen in the blood.

Examples are Hydrogen Cyanide (AC), Cyanogen Chloride (CK), and Arsine (SA)

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Choking Agents

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Gaseous or liquid agents with initial symptoms that include; tears, dry throat, nausea, vomiting, and headache. The lungs can become filled with fluid, making the victim feel as if they are drowning, causing breathing to become rapid and shallow.

Examples are Phosgene (CG) and Diphosgene.

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M9 Chemical Agent Detector Paper

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Detects the presence of liquid chemical agents by turning a red or reddish color, it does not detect chemical agent vapors

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Atropine/2-PAM-chloride Auto Injector

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Used as specific therapy for nerve agent casualties, they are issued for intramuscular injection, self-aid or first aid.

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Biological Warfare

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the use of agents to cause disease, sickness, or death to reduce the effectiveness of opposing combatant forces. Pathogens and toxins

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Pathogens

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The pathogens that could be used as biological agents include bacteria, rickettsia, viruses, fungi, protozoa and prions

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Toxins

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- Toxins. The categorization of toxins is based on the organisms (source) that produce them and the physiological affects the toxins cause in humans.
- The major groupings by source are mycotoxins (which are from fungi), bacterial toxins, algal toxins, animal venoms and plant toxins.
- The primary groups based on physiological effects are neurotoxins, cytotoxins, enterotoxins and dermatoxins.

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Individual Protective Equipment (IPE)

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Training and awareness of personnel is the primary way to limit the chemical and biological warfare impact.

all personnel shall have access to IPE while in the workstations and be aware of ventilation controls, fittings, and closures that must be set immediately prior to an attack.

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IPE for chemical/biological agent environments consists of:

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- Protective mask MCU-2P with components (C-2 canister filter)
- Advanced chemical protective garment (ACPG)
- Chemical protective gloves and liners
- Chemical protective overboots and laces
- Skin decontamination kit

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Radiological Warfare

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the deliberate use of radiological weapons to produce widespread injury and death of all life

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Types of nuclear explosion

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High altitude air burst, Air burst, Surface Burst, Shallow underwater burst, Deep underwater burst

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High altitude air burst

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occurs at altitudes in excess of 100,000 feet, with ionosphere disruptions and EMP.

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Air burst

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where fireball does not reach the surface. The vacuum created collects debris caused by the severe blast damage resulting in radiation fallout

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Surface Burst

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the worst fallout due to the fireball touching the surface which results in massive radioactive fallout

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Shallow underwater burst

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has a small fireball and blast wave however, it causes large waves and water contamination

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Deep underwater burst

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similar to the shallow underwater burst but with less visual effect and yields greater contaminated water

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The two Shipboard shielding stations

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Ready-shelter and Deep-shelter stations

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Ready-shelter

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stations are just inside the weather envelope, with access to deep shelter. They provide minimum shielding from nuclear radiation and allow the crew to remain close to battle stations.

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Deep-shelter stations

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low in the ship and near the centerline. They provide maximum shielding from nuclear radiation, often requiring personnel to be far removed from battle stations.

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DT-60 dosimeter

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a non-self reading high range casualty dosimeter, which has to be placed in a special radiac computer-indicator to determine the total amount of gamma radiation to which the wearer is exposed in the 0-600 roentgens

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MOPP

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Mission Oriented Protective Posture, a management tool that is used to coordinate the use of systems and equipment in Chemical or Biological environment

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MOPP levels

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0, 1, 2, 3, and 4

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MOPP level 0

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Issue IPE, accessible within five minutes

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MOPP level 1

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- Afloat. JSLIST, MASK, Gloves readily accessible.
- Ashore. Don protective equipment, M9 tape.

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MOPP level 2

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- Afloat. Mask carried, decon supplies stage.
- Ashore. Additional to level 1 is don protective over-boots.

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MOPP level 3

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- Afloat. GQ, install filters, don over-boots.
- Ashore. fill canteens, activate decon stations.

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MOPP level 4

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- Afloat. Don mask/hood, gloves, Circle William, countermeasure washdown.
- Ashore. Gloves with liners, untie bow in retention cord, loop between legs and secure to web belt.