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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Questionnaire/Survey Strengths and Weaknesses |
(+): Can be easily repeated so that data can be collected from large numbers of people relatively cheaply and quickly. (+)Standardised process - all receive same question -> increases reliability. (+) If data=quantitative -> easily summarised/analysed. (-): Sample may be biased as only certain kinds of people fill in questionnaires - literate and willing to spend time filling them in. (-) Social Desirability Bias may influence ops answers - reducing validity. |
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Interviews Strengths and Weaknesses |
(+): More detail can be obtained from each respondent as well as reasons for their answers. Allows in depth analysis. (-): Time-Consuming - Requires a skilled interviewers. - More difficult to summarise + analyse. - Procedures between respondents are not standardised.Same interviewer may not be used or interviewer may treat pps differently - may ask Qs in different way etc. |
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Open Question Definition + Strengths and Weaknesses |
Allows respondent to provide their own answer however they want. Generates Qualitative Data. (+): Gives more detail on how people really behave/feel bc they can freely express themselves and what they think rather than being restricted by preconceived categories that may not represent how they feel. (-): More difficult to detect patterns/draw conclusions/compare data as respondents answers are likely to be different. Descriptive Statistics cannot be used.
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Closed Question Definition + 3 types + Strengths and Weaknesses |
Respondents are give a limited set of predetermined choices/responses. Generates Quantitative Data. Types: -Yes/No -Multiple Choice - Rating Scale (Likert Scale) (+)Easier to analyse as data is quantitative/numerical which can be summarised using averages and simple graphs. -> easier to draw conclusions. (-): Usually doesn't allow expression of precise feelings or gaining new insight. (-) Oversimplifies reality and feelings - suggests that there are simple answers. |
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Rating Scale/Likert Scale Definition + Strengths and Weaknesses |
Respondents asked to give a rating for their answers e.g. on a scale of 1 to 5, where 5=very positive and 1=very negative. (+): A reasonably objective way to represent feelings and attitudes about something, producing quantitative data. Gives the an extent to an answer. (-): Respondents may avoid ends of scales(extreme values) and pick "middle" values if they are unsure or don't want to appear extreme in any way. Reducing the validity of the answers. |
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Reliability of Self Report |
in self-report the consistency of a respondents answers may be affected by: 1-Ambiguous Questions - participants interpret these differently each time they are asked. 2- (In Interviews) If the Interviewer treats different respondents differently. 3- Time of day - person may be less willing to answer truthfully later in the day when they are tired. |
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Factors affecting Validity of Self Report |
in self-report the truthfulness of answers may be affected by: - Social Desirability Bias - Leading Questions - Demand Characteristics (in interviews) - Interviewer Bias |
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3 Types of Interviews + Definitions |
1. Structured - there is an interview schedule (predetermined questions) and it can consist of open and closed-ended questions. 2. Un-structures - there is no interview schedule. 3. Semi-Structured - there is an interview schedule and it consists of mostly open-ended questions + additional questions for individuals. |
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Questionnaire/Survey Definition |
A standardised set of questions given to each respondent. They give their answers in writing. (Usually Quantitative Data.) |
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How to check Concurrent validity |
1 way to check validity is checking concurrent validity - by comparing the test results with a previously established test on the same topic. |
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How to deal with Social Desirability Bias in a Questionnaire |
-Social Desirability Bias can be dealt with in questionnaires by adding in contrasting questions to see if the respondent is being truthful (e.g. 'On a scale of 1-10 how extrovert are you?' and 'On a scale of 1-10 how shy are you?') |
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How to evaluate Reliability in Self-Report. |
Test-Retest Method can be used to evaluate reliability. Interval between the test and retest must be long enough so that pps do not remember their previous answers but not so long that pps have changed their thoughts/feelings that may affect results. |
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How to ensure Reliability in Self-Report |
Ensure all pps interpret Qs in the same way. Train all interviewers to set up procedure so they all work in the same way. |
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Interviews Definition |
Open and Closed-ended questions are asked face-to-face or over the phone - which is usually recorded. (Usually Qualitative Data) (Can be structured, un-structured or semi-structured) |
