Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is an afferent pathway? |
A nerve pathway going in |
|
What is an efferent pathway? |
A nerve pathway going out |
|
What is an ascending pathway? |
Afferent (going in) |
|
What is a descending pathway? |
Efferent (going out) |
|
What are the 6 regions of the brain? |
cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, mesencephalon, pons, medulla oblongata |
|
The mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongata makes up what part of the brain? |
Brain stem |
|
T or F: Complex function of the brain increases as you go down. |
False. Complex function of the brain increases as you go up. |
|
What are the cranial meninges? |
connective tissue coverings |
|
What job does the cerebrospinal fluid perform? |
shock absorper |
|
T or F: Alcohol can get through the blood-brain barrier? |
True |
|
What are the 3 layers of the meninges? |
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater |
|
What protects the brain from cranial trauma? |
Meninges |
|
What are the two layers of the dura mater? |
meningeal layer (inner layer), endosteal layer (outer layer) |
|
What layer of the dura mater is fused to the periosteum? |
endosteal layer |
|
Which layer of the cranial meninges covers the brain? |
arachnoid mater |
|
Which layer of the cranial meninges goes in all of the folds of the brain and is attached to the brain surface by astrocytes? |
pia mater |
|
What is found between the endosteal layer of the dura mater and the meningeal layer of the dura mater? |
dural sinus |
|
What is the job of the dural folds? |
to stabilize and support the brain, anchors it |
|
What are the 3 largest dural folds? |
falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli |
|
Where is the falx cerebri found? |
cerebrum |
|
Where are the tentorium cerebelli and falx cerebelli found? |
cerebellum |
|
What cushions and supports the brain, transports nutrients, chemical messengers and waste products? |
Cerebrospinal fluid |
|
Which part of the brain is cerebrospinal fluid produced in? |
choroid plexus |
|
What is the job of the specialized ependymal cells and capillaries of the choroid plexus? |
secretes cerebrospinal fluid into ventricles, removes waste products from cerebrospinal fluid, adjusts composition of cerebrospinal fluid |
|
How much cerebrospinal fluid is produced per day? |
500 milliliters |
|
Ependymal cells have _____ which help circulate cerebrospinal fluid. |
cilia |
|
Where is arachnoid villi found? |
subararachnoid space |
|
What are the large clusters of villi that absorb CSF into venous circulation called? |
Arachnoid granulations |
|
What type of cells form the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier? |
ependymal cells |
|
What limits the movement of compounds transferred and allows the chemical composition of blood and cerebrospinal fluid to differ? |
Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid barrier |
|
What isolates central nervous system neural tissue? |
Blood-Brain barrier |
|
What forms the blood-brain barrier? |
tight junctions |
|
What can move across the blood-brain barrier? |
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroids, prostaglandins |
|
How do astrocytes control the blood-brain barrier? |
releases chemicals that control permeability |
|
What processes info between the spinal cord and cerebrum, or spinal cord and cerebellum? |
Brain stem |
|
What 3 parts make up the brain stem? |
mesencephalon (midbrain), pons, medulla oblongata |
|
What kind of pathways are found in the medulla oblongata? |
afferent and efferent |
|
The medulla oblongata connects what 2 parts? |
brain and spinal cord |
|
Which part of the brain relays info and regulates autonomic functions (heart rate, blood pressure, digestion)? |
Medulla Oblongata |
|
What are the 5 cranial nerves that are associated with both sensory and motor nuclei? |
Vestibulocochlear nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve, and hypoglossal nerve (last 5 nerves. VGVAH) |
|
What are the 4 relay stations along sensory and motor pathways in the medulla oblongata? |
Nucleus gracilis, nucleus cuneatus, solitary nucleus, olivary nucleus |
|
What nucleus of the medulla oblongata controls somatic sensory info from the inferior half of the body? |
Nucleus gracilis |
|
What nucleus of the medulla oblongata controls somatic sensory info from the superior half of the body? |
Nucleus cuneatus |
|
What nucleus of the medulla oblongata integrates and relays visceral sensory info? |
Solitary nucleus |
|
What nucleus of the medulla oblongata relays info from the red nucleus? |
Olivary nucleus |
|
What does the respiratory rhythmicity center in the medulla oblongata control? |
Base pace of respiration |
|
What does the cardiac center in the medulla oblongata control? |
speeds up and slows down heart |
|
What does the vasomotor center in the medulla oblongata control? |
diameter of blood vessels |
|
What does the general reflex center in the medulla oblongata control? |
sneezing, coughing, hiccuping, swallowing, vomiting |
|
What are the 4 autonomic nuclei controlling visceral activities in the medulla oblongata? |
respiratory rhythmicity center, cardiac center, vasomotor center, general reflex center |
|
The pons contains sensory and motor nuclei of which 4 cranial nerves? |
Trigeminal (5), Abducens (6) Facial (7) Vestibulocochlear (8) |
|
The pons contains nuclei associated with ___________. |
Respiration |
|
What do the aponeuistic and pneumotaxic centers in the pons control? |
respiratory rhythmicity |
|
Does the pons contain ascending, descending or transverse tracts or all 3? |
Contains all 3 |
|
What do transverse fibers in the pons connect? |
Nuclei of the pons with opposite cerebellar hemisphere |
|
Damage to what area can cause a coma? |
reticular formation area of the pons |
|
Tectum and Tegmentum are structures of the _____________. |
Mesencephalon |
|
What are the areas of gray matter in the midbrain called? |
Tectum |
|
What are the two sensory nuclei in the tectum? |
superior colliculus, inferior colliculus |
|
What does the superior colliculus control? |
visual |
|
What does the inferior colliculus control? |
auditory |
|
Do the superior and inferior colliculi control reflexes or actual processes? |
reflexes |
|
Red nucleus, substantia nigra and the nuclei of the oculomotor and trochlear nerves make up what in the midbrain? |
Tegmentum |
|
What is the pigmented gray matter in the midbrain called? |
Substantia nigra |
|
Adjusting postural muscles and fine-tuning conscious and subconscious movements are actions this part of the brain does. |
Cerebellum |
|
Folia, anterior lobe, posterior lobe, cerebellar hemispheres, purkinje cells, arbor vitae and peduncles are structures of what part of the brain? |
Cerebellum |
|
Where is the folia in the cerebellum found? |
The surface of the cerebellum |
|
What does the primary fissure of the cerebellum separate? |
The anterior and posterior lobes |
|
What in the cerebellum is separated at the midline by vermis? |
The cerebellar hemispheres |
|
What cells are largely branched, found in the cerebellar cortex, and receive input from up to 200,000 synapses? |
Purkinje cells |
|
What part of the cerebellum relays information to purkinje cells and is a highly branced, internal white matter? |
Arbor vitae |
|
What do the peduncles in the cerebellum link? |
The cerebellum to the brain stem, the cerebrum and the spinal cord |
|
What is a disorder of the cerebellum that can occur do to damage from trauma or stroke, intoxication and disturbs muscle coordination? |
Ataxia |
|
Which part of the brain integrates sensory information and motor commands? |
Diencephalon |
|
Which part of the brain is made up of the thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus? |
Diencephalon |
|
What gland secretes melatonin and is found in the posterior epithalamus? |
Pineal gland |
|
What part of the brain filters ascending sensory information and relays info between basal nuclei and cerebral cortex? |
Thalamus |
|
What are the rounded masses that form the thalamus? |
Thalamic nuclei |
|
What are the five groups of the thalamic nuclei? |
Anterior group (emotion), Medial group (awareness of emotional states), ventral group (relays sensory info), posterior group (sensory, visual and auditory), lateral group (integrates sensory info) |
|
What are the 3 nuclei in the posterior group of the diencephalon? |
Pulvinar, lateral geniculate nucleus, medial geniculate nucleus |
|
The pulvinar nucleus in the posterior group of the diencephalon is responsible for what sense? |
sensory |
|
The lateral geniculate nucleus in the posterior group of the diencephalon is responsible for what sense? |
visual |
|
The medial geniculate nucleus in the posterior group of the diencephalon is responsible for what sense? |
auditory |
|
Which part of the brain is not evolved from animals? |
limbic system |
|
Which sense is the strongest memory and emotional stimulator? |
smell |
|
What 2 parts make up the hypothalamus? |
mamillary bodies and infundibulum |
|
What is the job of the mamillary bodies? |
Processes olfactory sensory info, control reflex eating movements |
|
What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland? |
infundibulum |
|
Subconscious control of skeletal muscle, controls autonomic function, coordinates activities of the nervous and endocrine systems, secretes hormones, produces emotions and behavioral drives, coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions, regulates body temp and controls circadian rhythms are all functions of which part of the brain? |
Hypothalamus |
|
The supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus secretes what hormone? |
Antidiuretic hormone |
|
The paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus secretes what hormone? |
Oxytocin |
|
In what area is short-term memory created and long-term memory controlled? |
limbic system |
|
What are the 3 jobs the limbic system performs? |
Establishes emotional states, links conscious functions and autonomic functions, facilitates memory storage and retrieval |
|
What are the 5 parts of the limbic system? |
Amygdaloid body, limbic lobe, fornix, anterior nucleus, reticular formation. |
|
The hippocampus lies in what lobe of the cerebral hemisphere of the limbic system? |
Limbic lobe |
|
What part of the limbic system connects the hippocampus with the hypothalamus and is a tract of white matter? |
Fornix |
|
Which part of the limbic system relays info from the mamillary body to cingulate gyrus? |
Anterior nucleus |
|
Stimulation or inhibition of this part of the limbic system affects emotions: |
Reticular formation |
|
What is the largest part of the brain? |
Cerebrum |
|
What part of the brain controls all conscious thought and intellectual functions and processees somatic sensory and motor information? |
Cerebrum |
|
What kind of matter lies in the cerebral cortex and basal nuclei of the cerebrum? |
Gray matter |
|
What kind of matter lies in the basal cortex and around the basal nuclei? |
White matter |
|
Gyri, Insula, Longitudinal fissure and Lobes make up what part of the brain? |
Cerebrum |
|
What increases the surface area of the cerebrum? |
Gyri |
|
What separates the cerebral hemispheres in the cerebrum? |
Longitudinal fissure |
|
What are the divisions of hemispheres in the cerebrum called? |
Lobes |
|
T or F: Nerve pathways cross in the spinal cord. |
T |
|
What kind of fibers provide connections within one hemisphere? |
Association fibers |
|
What kind of fibers connecting two hemispheres? |
Commissural fibers |
|
What fibers connect the cerebrum with lower areas? |
Projection fibers |
|
What are masses of gray matter, are embedded in white matter of the cerebrum and direct subconscious activities? |
Basal nuclei |
|
What part of the cerebrum is involved with the subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and the coordination of learned movement patterns? |
Basal nuclei |
|
What separates motor and sensory areas of the cerebrum? |
Central sulcus |
|
What are the 3 motor areas of the cerebrum? |
Precentral gyrus, primary motor cortex, pyramidal cells |
|
Which motor area of the cerebrum directs voluntary movements? |
Precentral gyrus |
|
What is the surface of the precentral gyrus in the cerebrum called? |
Primary motor cortex |
|
What are neurons of the primary motor cortex in the cerebrum called? |
Pyramidal cells |
|
What are the 2 sensory areas of the cortex? |
Postcentral gyrus, Primary sensory cortex |
|
Which sensory area of the cerebrum receives somatic sensory info? |
Postcentral gyrus |
|
What is the surface of the postcentral gyrus in the cerebrum called? |
Primary sensory cortex |
|
What are the 4 special sensory cortexes? |
Visual cortex, auditory cortex, olfactory cortex, gustatory cortex |
|
What is the general interpretive area of the cerebrum called? |
Wernicke's area |
|
Is Wernicke's area (general interpretive area) present in one or both hemispheres of the cerebrum? |
One |
|
Which area of the cerebrum receives info from all sensory association areas and coordinates access to complex visual and auditory memories? |
Wernicke's area |
|
What is the speech center of the cerebrum called? |
Brocha's area |
|
Which area of the cerebrum coordinates all vocalization functions? |
Brocha's area (speech center) |
|
Which area of the cerebrum integrates info and performs abstract intellectual activities? |
Prefrontal cortex |
|
T or F: Each cerebral hemisphere performs certain functions that are not ordinarily performed by the opposite hemisphere. |
T |
|
In most people, what hemisphere controls reading, writing, math, decision making, speech and language? |
Left hemisphere |
|
In most people, what hemisphere controls senses and recognition? |
Right hemisphere |
|
Which cranial nerves control sensory commands? (7 of them) |
Olfactory, Optic, Trigeminal, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus |
|
Which cranial nerves control motor commands? (9 of them) |
Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal |
|
Which cranial nerves control both motor and sensory commands? (4 of them) |
Trigeminal, Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, |
|
Between what 2 layers does a subdural hematoma occur? |
Dura mater and arachnoid mater |
|
Is the brain stem involved in higher thought processes? |
No |