מערכת הדם

Front 1

מהם שני המרכיבים הבסיסיים של הדם? מהו חלקם היחסי?

Back 1

Plasma: 55%
Formed Elements: 45%

Front 2

ממה מורכבת הפלזמה?

Back 2

Water: 92%
Proteins: 7.2%
Albumin, Fibrinogen, Globulin.

Front 3

What are the formed elements?

Back 3

Erythrocytes: red blood cells. 5 million/ml2. The major cell component. Carry gasses, mainly oxygen, CO2. have no Nucleus.
Leukocytes: white blood cells. 7K/ml2. part of the immune system.
Thrombocytes/platelets: 244K/ml2. not whole cells but fragments of cytoplasm holding enzymes for clotting.

Front 4

what is the conducting system?

Back 4

מערכת ההפעלה העצמאית של הלב, אין לו תלות במערכת העצבים.

Front 5

כיצד מתחלק הלב?

Back 5

הלב מתחלק לשני חלקים, ימין ושמאל.
כל צד מתחלק לחדר ועלייה.
Atrium: receives the blood
Ventricle: Sends the blood.

Front 6

What are the two blood circulatory circuits?

Back 6

System Circuit, supplies blood to the body.
Pulmonary Circuit, oxygenates blood through the lungs.
(A circuit always begins at a Ventricle and terminates at an Atrium)

Front 7

היכן בכלי הדם מתבצע חילוף החומרים?

Back 7

בנימים בלבד.
Capillaries.
there are Arteriole and Venule Capillaries.

Front 8

Describe the Pulmonary Circuit

Back 8

The Pulmonary Trunk leaves the Right Ventricle.
After approx. 1 cm, divides into L&R Pulmonary Arteries.
These arrive at the lungs, divide into Capillary beds and exchange gasses at the lungs.
After oxygenating, the blood returns to the Left Atrium through 4 Pulmonary veins.

Front 9

In the Systemic Circuit, which artery leaves the Left Ventricle? what are it's different segments?

Back 9

The Aorta:
Ascending Aorta; Aortic Arch; Descending Aorta (which continues as Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta)

Front 10

Which arteries originate from the Ascending Aorta?

Back 10

The Coronary Arteries, L&R, which supply the heart.
Few End-to-End anastomoses leave the different sides o the heart without sufficient supply in case of dysfunction of one of these arteries (e.g. Infarction)

Front 11

Which arteries originate from the Aortic Arch?

Back 11

(from right to left):
Brachiocephalic Trunk (-> right subclavian, right common carotid)
Left Common Carotid
Left Subclavian

Front 12

Which arteries originate from the Descending Aorta?

Back 12

Posterior Lateral Group (to the thorax and abdomen)
Anterior Lateral Group (mainly to paired organs, e.g. kidneys)
Midline Anterior Group (to Digestive system)

Front 13

Of the layers comprising the arteries, which is the external?

Back 13

Tunica Adventitia: comprised amongst other things of small arteries and nerves which supply the artery itself.

Front 14

Of the layers comprising the arteries, which is the medial?

Back 14

Tunica Media: Comprised mainly of smooth muscle to regulate blood pressure.
in distal areas, the Tunica Media is stronger to help blood movement.

Front 15

Of the layers comprising the arteries, which is the internal?

Back 15

Tunica Intima: (the part that comes in contact with blood)
Comprised of epithelial cells which allow substance transaction

Front 16

What separates the different arterial layers?

Back 16

External and Internal Elastic Lamina (or membrane):
allow the artery to withstand high blood pressures.
stronger in proximal areas.

Front 17

מהי טרשת עורקים?

Back 17

Arteriosclerosis:
Cholesterol accumulation between the Media and Intima Tunica.
מוביל להצרות כלי הדם ולאפשרות לסתימה פתאומית

Front 18

תאר את מבנה הורידים

Back 18

שכבות הוריד דומות לאלו של העורקים, רק דקים יותר, בעיקר בשכבה האמצעית משום שאין חשיבות רבה ללחץ דם.
בורידים רבים, בעיקר כאלו שפועלים כנגד כוח הכבידה, ישנם שסתומים. חד כיווניים.
(Valves)

Front 19

describe a pathology associated with venous valves

Back 19

Varicose.
השסתומים נפגעים וכך גם החזרה הורידית. הורידים מתנפחים. נפוץ ברגליים. עלול להוביל לקרישי דם ולטרשת עורקים בורידים.

Front 20

what are the capillaries comprised of?

Back 20

only Tunica Intima

Front 21

Which veins arrive at the right Atrium?

Back 21

1. SVC: Superior Vena Cava
2. IVC: Inferior Vena Cava
3. Coronary Sinus

Front 22

Describe the SVC
superior vena cava

Back 22

Into it drains the blood from the upper body, and (through the Azygos system) from the abdominal walls.
It is formed by two Brachicephalic Veins, which are in turn formed by Jugular and Subclavian veins.

Front 23

Describe the IVC
inferior vena cava

Back 23

Into it drains most of the blood from the lower body, including from the digestive system through the portal system.
It is formed by to major veins from the legs.

Front 24

what does the Coronary Sinus drain

Back 24

Drains most of the Cardiac Veins.

Front 25

Describe the Azygos Vein and it's movement

Back 25

Is formed by right abodminal veins.
Ascends anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the IVC.
drains the RIGHT abdominal walls.
Crosses the Diaphragma to enter the thorax.
drains blood from the RIGHT thorax.
Drains into the SVC.
Importantly, has a direct link to the IVC (at kidney level), allowing compensation in case of infarction.

Front 26

Describe the Hemiazygos vein

Back 26

is formed by left abdominal veins.
Ascends anterior to the vertebral column but NOT next to IVC (as they are in different sides, left and right)
Drains the LEFT abdominal walls
Crosses the diaphragm, drains LEFT thoracic blood, and drains into the AZYGOS (not SVC).
Importantly, has an INDIRECT link to IVC, through the Left Renal vein (which drains the left kidney)
Importantly 2, drains relatively soon into Azygos, so does not drain all of the thoracic wall, so part of it is drained by Accessory Hemiazygos which drains into Azygos.

Front 27

מהו תפקיד המערכת הפורטלית?

Back 27

סינון הדם הורידי שמקבל כמות גדולה של חומרי מזון ממערכת העיכול.
לכן הדם ממערכת העיכול לא מתנקז ישירות אל ה
IVC
אלא עובר קודם במערכת הפורטלית.

Front 28

אילו וורידים עיקריים מנקזים דם ממערכת העיכול?
לאן הם מתנקזים?

Back 28

The Superior and Inferior Mesenteric veins;
and the Splenic vein
all drain into the Hepatic Portal vein

Front 29

After draining into the Hepatic Portal vein, how does the blood continue in the Portal system?

Back 29

The HPv divides into two veins (for the two liver lobes), which in turn divide into capillary "trees".
The blood is filtered.
The capillary "trees" drain into two major veins, the Hepatic veins, which drain into the IVC.