Arendt suggests that in the modern age the importance of action and work was overthrown by the importance of labouring. This is a result of the fact that possessing, rather than creating and thinking has become increasingly important, and Arendt sees the reason in the historic events such as the discovery of America and the Reformation which have consequently led to accumulation of personal wealth. Since labouring is the closest to animal activities, labour has actually brought the humanity too close to the activity of animals, and further away from what we should do as humans.
The reason why people have become decreasingly interested in being politically involved in the public sphere is therefore the fact that they have come to value their own survival in the terms of personal wealth more than in terms of the well-being of the community. People have forgotten or simply ignored their nature as political beings and with that became more similar to working animals than to thinking humans. Here it is crucial to ask what conditions should be fulfilled in order for a human being to realize his own political nature, and what kind of a government can enable this