CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.01 Background, Epidemiology, Etiology and Pathology
Background:
Bladder cancer is a common malignancy in the world. It ranks ninth in worldwide cancer incidence and it is the seventh common malignancy in male. It is the second most common malignancy of the genitourinary tract worldwide in male after prostate cancer. It affects men more than women in a ratio of 3 - 4:1 (1, 2).
In Africa bladder cancer is ranked as eighth common malignancy in male (3) while in Tanzania, it is amongst the top ten common cancers according to hospital based data at Ocean Road Cancer Institute (ORCI) constituting 4% of all cancer cases admitted at ORCI.
Classification of bladder cancer is based on its histology and mostly it is correlated with risk factors. In United State (US) and Western countries the predominant histological …show more content…
Median age at diagnosis is above 65 yrs in men and 71 yrs in women.
Urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma, is the predominant histological type in the USA and Western countries where it accounts for approximately 90-95% of bladder cancers and major risk factors being smoking and occupational exposure (dye, arsenic, aromatic amine, rubber and leather industries) (1,8,9). Whereas chronic infection with Schistosoma haematobium accounts for about 50% of the total burden in developing countries and the histological type is SCC (4,9).
In recent decades the overall incidence of bladder cancer in the world appears to be rising and this may be attributed to latent effects of tobacco abuse and industrial carcinogens as well as the overall aging of population (2).
Etiology and risk factors
The etiology of bladder cancer appears to be multifactorial (exogenous and
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.01 Background, Epidemiology, Etiology and Pathology
Background:
Bladder cancer is a common malignancy in the world. It ranks ninth in worldwide cancer incidence and it is the seventh common malignancy in male. It is the second most common malignancy of the genitourinary tract worldwide in male after prostate cancer. It affects men more than women in a ratio of 3 - 4:1 (1, 2).
In Africa bladder cancer is ranked as eighth common malignancy in male (3) while in Tanzania, it is amongst the top ten common cancers according to hospital based data at Ocean Road Cancer Institute (ORCI) constituting 4% of all cancer cases admitted at ORCI.
Classification of bladder cancer is based on its histology and mostly it is correlated with risk factors. In United State (US) and Western countries the predominant histological …show more content…
Median age at diagnosis is above 65 yrs in men and 71 yrs in women.
Urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma, is the predominant histological type in the USA and Western countries where it accounts for approximately 90-95% of bladder cancers and major risk factors being smoking and occupational exposure (dye, arsenic, aromatic amine, rubber and leather industries) (1,8,9). Whereas chronic infection with Schistosoma haematobium accounts for about 50% of the total burden in developing countries and the histological type is SCC (4,9).
In recent decades the overall incidence of bladder cancer in the world appears to be rising and this may be attributed to latent effects of tobacco abuse and industrial carcinogens as well as the overall aging of population (2).
Etiology and risk factors
The etiology of bladder cancer appears to be multifactorial (exogenous and