In 1679, William Piso became one of the first people to write about the symptoms of yaws (Mitjà et al., 2013). The name of yaws may have originated from the Carib, who are an Indian tribe from South America, word for lesion (Mitjà et al., 2013). The Carib’s word was “yaya.” Since the lesions of yaws look similar to raspberries, another common name for this disease is frambesia (Mitjà et al., 2013). Aldo Castellani discovered Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue in 1905 (Stamm, 2015). Yaws was almost eliminated around the world in the 1950s at a figure of around ninety-five percent; however, this disease has reemerged recently in the last couple decades (Rinaldi, 2008).
Yaws is a disease that is caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue …show more content…
Yaws has three stages which are the early, latent, and late stage. Some signs of yaws are cutaneous lesions which are highly contagious and lesions in the bones in later stages (Mitjà et al., 2015). These skin lesions are papillomatous and ulcerative (Ghinai et al., 2015). Also, these lesions appear to be white color (Rinaldi, 2008). Papillomas are benign tumors such as a wart. Yaws starts with a papule appearing on the victim’ skin (The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009). A papule is a small lesion. As the disease begins to spread in its second stage, papules will begin to seen across the body. These sores can remain on a victim’s body for weeks and even months (Stamm, 2015). Osteitis, which is inflammation of the bone, can be seen on the victim’s nose (Rinaldi, 2008). Yaws can also cause plantar hyperkeratosis (Sarkodie et al., 2016). Plantar hyperkeratosis is the thickening of dead skin with many layers in the feet. In a later stage of yaws, gummata, which are groups of immune cells caused by inflammation, may develop on the victim’s body (Sarkodie, 2016). Yaws can become latent if left untreated. Also, yaws can progress to disfigurement for the victim because of deteriorated cartilage and bones ("WHO Revives Efforts to Eliminate Forgotten Disease," 2007). Yaws can destroy joints and soft tissues if left untreated (Čejková et al., 2012). Only ten percent of people affected with yaws …show more content…
In general, Treponema pallidum vary between active diseases and latent infections where the person shows no symptoms (Centurion-Lara et al., 2006). Treponema pallidum divides every thirty hours through transverse fission (Mitija et al., 2013). Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum is a bacterium that causes syphilis and has a 0.2% difference in its genome compared to Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue (Mitjà et al., 2013). This difference is due to the different symptoms that these bacteria cause (Sarkodie, 2016). Also, syphilis from Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum is transmitted through sexual contact while Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue is transmitted through mechanical transfer as in skin contact (Čejková et al., 2012). The morphology, protein content, and physiology of these two subspecies cannot be easily identified by researchers (Mikalova et al., 2010). Compared to syphilis, yaws is seen as less virulent by researchers (Smaj et al., 2012). Syphilis severely affects more regions of the body compared to yaws (Smaj et al., 2012). Outside of the host’s body, Treponema pallidum is unable to reproduce and dies within one to two hours (Mitjà et al., 2013). Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue and other Treponemes are vulnerable to drying, heating, and oxygen exposure (Mitjà et al., 2013). Below to the left is an image of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum, which is closely related to Treponema pallidum
Yaws is a disease that is caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue …show more content…
Yaws has three stages which are the early, latent, and late stage. Some signs of yaws are cutaneous lesions which are highly contagious and lesions in the bones in later stages (Mitjà et al., 2015). These skin lesions are papillomatous and ulcerative (Ghinai et al., 2015). Also, these lesions appear to be white color (Rinaldi, 2008). Papillomas are benign tumors such as a wart. Yaws starts with a papule appearing on the victim’ skin (The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009). A papule is a small lesion. As the disease begins to spread in its second stage, papules will begin to seen across the body. These sores can remain on a victim’s body for weeks and even months (Stamm, 2015). Osteitis, which is inflammation of the bone, can be seen on the victim’s nose (Rinaldi, 2008). Yaws can also cause plantar hyperkeratosis (Sarkodie et al., 2016). Plantar hyperkeratosis is the thickening of dead skin with many layers in the feet. In a later stage of yaws, gummata, which are groups of immune cells caused by inflammation, may develop on the victim’s body (Sarkodie, 2016). Yaws can become latent if left untreated. Also, yaws can progress to disfigurement for the victim because of deteriorated cartilage and bones ("WHO Revives Efforts to Eliminate Forgotten Disease," 2007). Yaws can destroy joints and soft tissues if left untreated (Čejková et al., 2012). Only ten percent of people affected with yaws …show more content…
In general, Treponema pallidum vary between active diseases and latent infections where the person shows no symptoms (Centurion-Lara et al., 2006). Treponema pallidum divides every thirty hours through transverse fission (Mitija et al., 2013). Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum is a bacterium that causes syphilis and has a 0.2% difference in its genome compared to Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue (Mitjà et al., 2013). This difference is due to the different symptoms that these bacteria cause (Sarkodie, 2016). Also, syphilis from Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum is transmitted through sexual contact while Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue is transmitted through mechanical transfer as in skin contact (Čejková et al., 2012). The morphology, protein content, and physiology of these two subspecies cannot be easily identified by researchers (Mikalova et al., 2010). Compared to syphilis, yaws is seen as less virulent by researchers (Smaj et al., 2012). Syphilis severely affects more regions of the body compared to yaws (Smaj et al., 2012). Outside of the host’s body, Treponema pallidum is unable to reproduce and dies within one to two hours (Mitjà et al., 2013). Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue and other Treponemes are vulnerable to drying, heating, and oxygen exposure (Mitjà et al., 2013). Below to the left is an image of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum, which is closely related to Treponema pallidum