(pg.194) Cocaine by many people would be seen as a deviant behavior across many groups. But in countries such as Portugal, people would not see it as a deviant behavior. The reason is because they have decriminalized drugs and dealers can claim that they are using just for recreational use not selling and get away without the possibility of jail time. From Durkheim, “what makes something deviant and of some social audience that regards a behavior or appearance as deviant and takes some kind of action to discourage and punish it”.(pg.195-196) There are formal sanctions described by Ferrante, “which are reactions backed by laws, rules, or policies specifying the conditions under which people should be rewarded or punished for specific behaviors”.(pg.200) At times people according to Ferrante, “become under the pressure and can commit to a group think phenomenon”.(p203-204) People do not seek outside opinions, and unquestioningly believe in the rightness of their cause. In Portugal, people are like according to Ferrante, “secret deviants”(pg.200), in the sense that they engage in what we call as Americans offending behavior but no one notices or, if it is noticed, no one applies …show more content…
Stigma is defined “as an attribute that is deeply discrediting, and three categories that associate themselves with stigmas”. (pg.209) “Stigmas related to behavior or behaviors some audience considers deviant, such as an addiction, sexual orientation, or a criminal record”. (pg.200) this applies to people that are caught using cocaine and are applied a stigma. Structural strain as defined by the book, can be applied to people that may or may not be using drugs. Structural strain “is a situation in which there is an imbalance between culturally valued goals and the ways to obtain them”. (pg.221) People that use drugs may be using them as a way of retreatism, which is a way of dealing with a structural strain. People can attribute themselves in a “status group consisting of people held together by the same lifestyle and the same level of social esteem accorded to those circles”.