Walls have been as much a part of Chinese culture and history as the philosophies of Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism. The culture of pre-modern China highly valued walls, as they were everywhere; there was not a town with some sort of a wall around it, and “a city without a wall was as inconceivable as a house without a roof” (Turnbull 2007, 30). Walls were used as defense, and since the Chinese were so invested in using walls to protect cities and towns, why not use them to protect a large section of territory? This is exactly what they did. During the warring states period, the Chinese used walls to protect themselves from the other states and the nomads to the north. Lots of resources were invested into these walls, and once China was
