This pathogen is in the Orthopoxvirus genus, and is one of the largest animal viruses. There are many other similar viruses in this genus, some of which can also infect humans, but are less virulent. The Variola major virus is a parasite that attacks a specific type of host organism, namely human hosts, and cannot be transmitted through insects or animals. Transmission through aerosols in the environment is the most common, as this virus cannot survive in the environment for long. The easy method of transmission, along with the virus’s ability to evade the host’s immune system, makes for a deadly pathogen that caused global pandemic.…
To start off, why is a disease a “gift”? The author is predicting that food production led to the development of the guns, germs, and also steel that has enabled Eurasians to dominate so many human beings around the world. On of the most essential report of human domestication of farm animals was a transfer of diseases between animals and also humans. Smallpox, flu, the plague, and also many other diseases stem originally from infectious farm animals. According to the author, Jared Diamond: the winners of past wars were not always the armies with the best generals and weapons, but were often merely those bearing the nastiest germs to transmit to their enemies.…
The Variola Virus The Variola virus, which exists in two strains, Variola Minor and Variola Major, has been the cause of one of humanity’s most devastating diseases -- smallpox. This disease is around 200-400 nanometers small and is oval or brick-shaped. The Variola virus, and including all other viruses, are not considered alive. They reproduce by coming in contact with a host cell (for the Variola strains, human animal cells) and injecting their DNA into the host to take its functions over.…
“‘Quarantine’? What does that mean?” Piccolino Margheri asked, staring at the newspaper article he had just pulled out of his school bag, smuggled from his father that morning. The front page was headlined: ‘Arcea Quarantined! Fifteen Contract the Bern River Virus in Two Weeks!’…
The definition of a virus from the Oxford Dictionary is, an infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host: To me that means that they are these tiny molecules that are not cells, but able to multiply, but only inside of the cells of the person the virus has gone into. Viruses are not living things. They do have many things inside them that a living thing may have like proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and Lipids. the problem is that they can't function…
Viruses “rely on their hosts to carry them around and introduce them to new hosts” (Survival of the Sickest, paperback, p. 119). The cold virus knows that its host has to be relatively healthy so its ride can be mobile (Survival of the Sickest, paperback, p.119). The virus has evolved with humans to allow it to reproduce faster and survive more efficiently. If you take the host out of the picture, the cold virus could never survive or reproduce. The rabies virus is another manipulative virus.…
Spillover is not just a regular book about diseases. In this book, the author, David Quammen, dialogues about a multitude of zoonotic diseases, which are pathogens that can be transmitted from an animal into a human. There are eleven diseases that the author primarily discusses: Hendra, Ebola, Malaria, SARS, Q-fever, Psittacosis, Lyme disease, Herpes B, Nipah and HIV/AIDS. All of these are viruses, with the exceptions of Q-fever, Psittacosis and Lyme disease, which are bacterium. All zoonotic diseases have a reservoir host, which is a living organism that carries a certain pathogen without suffering from it.…
The encounter of pathogens throughout human evolution and periods of migration results in an unfavorable relationship between the two species. As Karlsson, Kwiatkowski, and Sabeti write in their article, Natural Selection and Infectious Disease in Human Populations, it is known that the ancient relationship impacts pathogenic tendencies within humans today. In the article, the authors visit the genetics of various infectious and dangerous diseases, as well as common and less threatening diseases within the human species. They also look at geographical origin of various human pathogens, as well as a historical timeline of pathogenic introduction into humans. The authors introduce the article by discussing host genetics and their susceptibility to pathogens depending on their make up.…
Smallpox Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by the variola virus (variola major and variola minor). Smallpox gets its name from the pus-filled blisters (or pocks) that form during the illness. The variola virus, which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus, the family Poxviridae and subfamily chordopoxvirinae, is a double-strand DNA virus.…
The study of influenza virus evolution is not new. In fact, humans have been studying influenza viruses since the beginning of the 18th century. Three types of influenza viruses exist: A, B and C. Influenza B is a strain of influenza virus with the ability to cause severe epidemics. Although influenza A and B have similar structure, genome organization, and epidemiology, they have several important differences which imply that their evolutionary dynamics differ. Unlike influenza A viruses, influenza B viruses almost exclusively affect humans.…
Whether the virus is alive is a widely debated and extremely complex point that is hard to have a definite answer to, even today. The virus has evaded classification for years, baffling scientists and the common man. Though it was difficult to conclude, it can be said that viruses are in fact non living. This can be deduced due to the virus only adhering to some of the necessary characteristics that an organism needs to be considered alive. First of all, viruses do not seem to be a cell or made up of cells, which is a very vital characteristic of life.…
This is also known as heard immunity. Every disease has its own reproduction number, and when that number is not met, the disease will…
The influenza pathogen has the RNA (DNA) in the middle, which is surrounded by a thin layer of envelope , however it also has two different antibodies which are: Neuraminidase and Hemagglutinin which are situated on the outside layer. Moreover, there are three different types of Influenza type A,B and C. Type A influenza cause the annual influenza epidemics that have up to 20% of the population sniffling, aching, coughing , and running high fevers. Also type A viruses are the most virulent human pathogens among the three influenza types and causes the most severe diseases. Influenza A virus can be divided into different serotypes based on the antibody response to these viruses. Type B influenza…
Both of these viruses have proven over time that they are not to be fooled around with, and often times have sent strong nations scrambling for survival. In Emily St. John Mandel’s science fiction novel Station Eleven, she shows us what life could be like if our population was to be swept away by disease. In this story, a highly lethal…
Viruses; Who is the Beholder? The greatest threat to humanity can’t be seen by the untrained eye. It could lay dormant for millions of years and evolve into the most terrifying form of itself. These infectious viruses create worldwide terror. The 2011 film Contagion by Steven Soderbergh does an incredible but also frightening job of revealing how a lethal virus would impact the Earth.…