Pathohysiological stressors encompass a wide range of potential stressors including factors that physically and psychologically affect fish in both wild and controlled environment. Handling, overcrowding, and other forms of physical disturbances to fish also have psychological components. Chasing fish to exhaustion or holding in a net out of water for 30–60 sec have been common protocols to study acute stress responses in fish. Angling also stresses fish in this manner. Other psychological stressors can manifest in dominance hierarchies which develop between individuals within confines such as experimental tanks or possibly in natural environments (Sorensen et al.,
