A “virus” is defined as: “an infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by a light microscope, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host” (Document B). Originating from Uganda, the Zika virus was first discovered in 1947 in an infected money in the Zika forest, where its name originates. The Zika virus is a typical one-stranded RNA virus with nucleotide sequences relating it to other African and Asian virus strains. It is capable of infecting other species such as monkeys, elephants, lions, zebras, and rodents. Primates, like humans and monkeys, are known to be the primary hosts and reservoirs.…
Fortunately, most people infected with WNV will have no symptoms. About 1 in 5 people who are infected will develop a fever with other symptoms. Less than 1% of infected people develop a serious, sometimes fatal, neurologic illness. Headache, body aches, joint pains, vomiting, diarrhea, or rash. Neurologic illness can include headache, high fever, neck stiffness, disorientation, coma, tremors, seizures, or paralysis.…
The Norwalk Virus is the most common cause of epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis in the world. It is named for the city of Norwalk,Ohio in which the first confirmed outbreak occurred in 1968,infecting almost all the students and teachers of a nearby school. This epidemic, also known as Norovirus, is spherical shaped with hexagonal designs spanning all round its surface. When examined through a microscope,this virus can be in different colors ranging from red and orange to blue and green.…
The virus is identified indeed as West Nile virus in the laboratory after a high index of suspicion of the symptoms of those affected with the virus. “Essentially all patients with neurologic involvement have detectable WNV-specific IgM in CSF; since IgM does not cross the…
The Zika virus caused the demand for bug spray to go up. The pregnant and planning to be pregnant mother were afraid that their baby would get the birth defects associated with the disease. The shortage came about because everyone demanded more bug spray then what the companies normally supplied. It is considered to be a demand unless you factor in the possible shortage and make it a reality then it would be considered a demand of quantity. If there is a shortage of the spray then the price will rise depending on how bad people want the spray will depend how many more can is bought after the price rises.…
If all of you do not already know, the Zika virus is a viral disease spread from mosquito bites. You might be thinking, “What importance does this issue hold?” Well, the Zika virus is on the rise, and with it, the once rare circumstance of Microcephaly. For example, 1.5 million cases of Zika have taken root in Brazil alone. The virus is spreading, and over 13 countries solely in the Americas have reported outbreaks.…
West nile is a virus that is most commonly spread to people by mosquito bites. There are many cases of the west nile virus. Most of the cases are in north america during mosquito season. Mosquito season starts in the summer and will continue throughout fall. Although it is most common in north america, it has been reported in all of the continental united states.…
Do you have a headache, fever, rash on your chest, stomach, or back, or even been vomiting? Those are some of the symptoms of West Nile Virus, and are you sure you don’t have the virus? West Nile Virus (WNV) is a bite from an infected mosquito that carries the virus. WNV was discovered in the West Nile District of Uganda in 1937. It was later found Africa, Asia, The Middle East and Europe.…
Equine Encephalomyelitis, or Equine Encephalitis, is extremely deadly and rare to all equine species, and almost all cases result in death. Equine Encephalitis is an arbovirus, meaning that it is transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks and other insects (Fraser 599). A few symptoms consist of excitable behavior, walking into secured objects, and becoming drowsy (Fraser 600 and Menu and Pavord; pavord). In order to treat Equine Encephalitis you must vaccinate your horse before he/…
Transmission of the disease is usually via contact with discharge and secretions from the eyes or nose of an infected dog. If it's left untreated it causes seizures, convulsions and ultimately heart and respiratory…
It causes a non-lethal but debilitating mosquito borne disease known as Ross River Fever – previously known as epidemic polyarthritis – joint pain is the most commonly attributed symptom of RRF but other symptoms include fever, rashes, swelling of the lymph nodes and a fatigue, muscle pain and headaches (Ross River Virus Transmission, Infection, and Disease: a Cross-Disciplinary Review, 2001). It is thought that the virus is spread to mosquitos from native mammalian and marsupials like kangaroos and wallabies. During outbreaks of RRV such as the one that took place in 1996 it is also believed that mosquitos may acquire the virus from humans. Many people infected do not experience any symptoms, children are particularly immune to the symptoms.…
Has been historically confined to Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Russia, India and Indonesia.1 The virus’s origin dates back to 1937, when it was isolated from a woman in the West Nile District of Uganda.2 Basis for the name of the virus.2 The pathogenicity of the virus in humans was discovered in the 1950s, and in animals during the 1960s.2 Spread into Europe by migratory birds.1 During the investigation of an encephalitis outbreak in New York City in Sept 1999, West Nile Virus was first discovered in North America.2 Also spread into Canada and the Caribbean, and most U.S states.1 Is endemic in Africa.2 Latest severe outbreak of West Nile Virus occurred in 2012 in the U.S.1 2,873 cases of West Nile neuroinvasive disease (West Nile Meningitis…
These cases were thought to be higher because of the places residents have traveled to which were: Mexico, Hawaii, and Latin America. After their travels they reported that they became ill when they arrived home. These two viruses cause joint pain, fever, rash, and meningitis and encephalitis can occur as well. The cases for Washington residents who have been affected by mosquito born illnesses’ are relatively low there can still be a possibility that there can an outbreak of Zika virus in the future due to traveling residents (Aleccia,…
Function of potyvirus proteins The Potyviruses genome contains one open reading frame (ORF) which is translated as a large polyprotein (between 340k and 368k), that is cleaved into 10 functional proteins (Riechmann et al., 1992) such as: Protein P1, HC-Pro, P3 protein, CI, NIa , NIb, 6K1, 6K2, VPg. The potyviral P1 protein is a serine protease that cleaves at its own C-terminus (Verchot et al., 1991). This is the most divergent potyviral protein in size (30-63 kDa) and sequence except protease domain which is placed at C-terminal region (Yoshida et al.…
The Road Virus Heads Norths is a horror story written by Stephen King. In the story, Richard Kinnell, who is a horror writer, buys a painting on his way home. The paint is painted by a genius who killed himself after he burned all his paintings except this one. As Kinnell drives north towards his home, he found that some details in the painting have been changing. At first he dismisses them, but he then realizes that the man in the painting has been following him somehow.…