In Chapter 1, Wolpe conveyed the idea that fear is the underline emotion of many undesirable situations; however, it has been described differently by different individuals. Fear was an emotional learning that the effect such as pain aroused by things or situations could arouse fear. He further distinguished the differences between useful and useless fear. According to Wolpe, useful fear is helpful and appropriate to the situation whereas useless fear is unhelpful and disadvantageous. In Chapter 2, he discussed that fears could be developed by multiple sources such as a single event, multiple events, conflicts, and misinformation. Individuals’ fear can be based on their memories and develop into a habitual fear response. In Chapter 3, Wolpe
