In the Gesta Francorum, one historian writes, “After this our men rushed round the whole city, seizing gold and silver, horses and mules, and houses full of all sorts of goods, and they all came rejoicing and weeping from excess of gladness to worship at the Sepulcher of our Savior Jesus, and there they fulfilled their vows to him.” Even with the worship of the sacred places and objects in the Holy Land, the Crusaders still went throughout the city and took whatever they pleased. Along with this fact, the Crusaders continued killing many of the Muslims who were there even after they took the city, and the historian almost paints it as a merciless killing of many people. He writes, “Next morning, they went cautiously up on the Temple roof and attacked the Saracens, both men and women, cutting off their heads with drawn swords. Some of the Saracens threw themselves down headlong from the temple…” With this description, the Crusades begin to sound more and more like a quest for power than one for a religious…
Another approach that Urban II used in his speech at the Council of Clermont to compel them to join the crusade, was to tell them that they would receive forgiveness of sins by the power invested in him, as pope. “Wear his cross as your badge. If you are killed your sins will be pardoned” (The First Crusade). Pope Urban II believed that he had the power, given to him by God, to forgive sins. There were Christians who realized that they were sinners, and that by fighting in the Crusade, they would have those sins forgiven. Pope Urban II explained that if they died fighting for God, they would go to heaven. He used that power to inspire and recruit people to fight in the Crusade. Many Christians sought to regain Jerusalem because of their faith…
The First Crusade, also the most successful, began with the speech of Pope Urban II at Clermont on 27 November 1095, and was initially a response to the request for armed aid against the Turks made by the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I. However, its purpose quickly shifted and it in turn became the largest mass pilgrimage of the eleventh century, though it differed from all the others in once crucial respect, in that it was, at the same time, a war, one set against what was by some referred to as the ‘savagery of the Saracens’.…
There is a lot of debate surrounding whether the Crusades were started by evil, unprovoked Christians that sought to defeat the advanced Muslim civilization or were the Crusaders, who were being oppressed by the Muslims, left with no choice but to protect the Holy Lands. Professor Stark seeks to prove, using actual historical data, that the later argument is the case. That in fact, the Crusaders were forced to fight in a response to the Muslim aggression.…
The attempted justification of the Crusades comes down to islamophobia and ethnocentrism at its core. Defenders of the Crusades such as Professor Rodney Stark argue that the religiously-fueled wars were justified because the Christian (specifically Catholic) people of the time were “provoked” by the Islamic world. The publisher of God’s Battalions: A Case For the Crusades, just one of over two dozen of Stark’s books, reiterates his belief of this incitement stating, “the Crusades were precipitated by Islamic provocations, centuries of bloody attempts to colonize the West, and sudden attacks on Christian pilgrims and holy places” (“The Crusades Were Just a War- Interview With Rodney Stark”). He fails to see the irony in the fact that the in the Crusaders’ century-long attempt to recolonize in the Holy Land, they killed about one per cent of the population. (“‘The Crusades Were Great, Actually!’”)…
The Roman Catholic Church longing for power over the Byzantium Empire maybe perceived as a major factor that formed the First Crusade, nevertheless the significance of the battle of Manzikert, Pope Urban II’s speech and the supposed threat of the Muslims in Europe are undeniably crucial in the launch of this historical event. By Christians losing a important battle that resulted in more tension with the Islam, and the Pope Urban II creating a damaging, biased image of Muslims people in order to allow and encourage Christians to commit the sin of murder for the sake of God’s wishes, and above all demonizing Islam so Christianity can remain the most powerful religion, thus intensified the already strained relationship between these antithetic religions. Although this isn’t the first conflict between Christianity and Islam, this episode single handily set these two religions on a path towards deep-seated animosity and enduring enmity that would last for centuries.…
Pope Innocent III sanctioned a call for a new crusade in 1202, which was planned to reconquer the city of Jerusalem from the Muslims. Although the Pope's call for a new crusade was ignored by most of the European leaders, a crusading army was eventually formed in France. Led by French knights, the Fourth Crusade set out for the Holy Land with the majority departing from Venice. Unfortunately, the crusaders needed funds and were convinced by Venetian lords to divert their arm to go to Constantinople on the way to Jerusalem, where they could capture the wealth and glory of Eastern Orthodox Constantinople and also restore the deposed Byzantine emperor to his throne. However, the Venetians and the crusaders eventually decided…
In 1095 at the Council of Clermont in France, Pope Urban II gave a speech that would affect the church for many years to come. He declared that church was going to try and get the Holy Land back from the Seljuk Turks in battles that would be known as the Crusades. Since the mid-seventh century, the Muslims had controlled the Holy Land and had prevented Catholics from entering Jerusalem to make pilgrimages. The Catholics saw gaining the Holy Land back as a sacred duty because the Muslims were seen to be “enemies of Christ”. “Deus lo Volt”, which means God wills it, was chanted after hearing the Pope’s speech and soon became the motto for these wars. Little did the Crusaders know that they were going to face 300 years of fighting with the Holy…
Even if it meant against another Muslim kingdom. No other account had found to be talking about this important little detail in the Crusades history. One huge reason for this is because the crusade started with a religious enthusiasm. Accepting the God’s enemy’s help totally contradicted the initial aim of the crusade. The condition during the siege of Jerusalem was very harsh and lead to the leaders to take this big decision. However, the biggest highlight of this discovery is that it is a proof that a Muslim force was actually involved in the sieging of Jerusalem; the unfortunate event where many Muslims and Jews were massacred mercilessly. This also just another proof of the rough relationship between Seljuk Turks and Fatimids. This can be a lesson to us that in our engagement to fight with each other, the outside enemy is just waiting to strike at the right time. And when that happens, it would be too late to do anything. As the famous saying from George Santayana, “Those who forget history are condemned to repeat…
In the Augustine collection, Historicity and Holy War: Putting the crusades in context, by Jonathan Colans, explains that the crusades were launched by the Holy Roman Catholic Church against Islam, claiming to do so under God’s command in order to take back the holy land of god away from the Islamic People. This article explains that, as claimed by the Catholics, the sole reasoning behind the crusades was the reclaiming of the holy land, for God, and with God. If it was under God 's supervision and was in order to reclaim the holy land, then the crusades were, essentially, a holy war. In the book, The Crusades, by Jonathan Howard, he explains how the ‘Holy War’ was started by religious strains. The war was not a result of an attack or a yearn for money, but because of religious strains. Jonathan explains that if it hadn 't been for the religious strains between these two religions, then, most likely, the crusades wouldn 't have ever occurred, and thousands of men wouldn 't have died for something as trivial as religious strains and conflicting beliefs. Another source providing a similar argument is Khan Academy, informing its users about how the crusades were caused by the fights and strains between two of the biggest religions of their time, The Holy Roman Catholics and the Islamic people. Because of the religious strains, the crusades started, showing this to be a holy war between two religions. Again, referencing back to the letters of the crusades, the pope, among other people, talk about Islam. The letters include how the catholic people viewed the Islamic religion as inaccurate, terrible, and offensive, and how it needs to be destroyed. The crusades were not only to reclaim the holy land back and take it ways from the Islamic ‘barbarians’,…
Madden uses sweeping language – such as “in every way” – throughout the article to make definitive statements that wholeheartedly defend the crusaders’ goals, claiming they embarked on the Crusades “as an act of love – in this case, the love of one’s neighbor” (Madden, 3). But although the First Crusade may have been called by Pope Urban II in response to the Byzantine Empire’s request for aid against the Turks, the idea that every lord went out simply of the compassion of his heart for the Byzantines seems highly suspect. The Orthodox Byzantines were fellow Christians, but they viewed the westerners with no small amount of disdain, Catholic or not, as evidenced by Anna Comenina’s disgust for the Franks in her writings. And in turn, despite the popes’ continued willingness to keep believing that the Orthodox church would bridge the schism, Catholic crusaders viewed the Byzantines with increasing distrust as the Crusades went on, culminating in several crusades led against the Byzantine Empire. Madden’s impassioned defense of the crusaders’ unselfishness and the notion that that attitude “remain[ed] central to the eastern Crusades for centuries”…
As the Europeans lost control of Asia Minor which was a huge source of income for them, the emperor began writing to western princes and to the pope seeking people to help to regain lost territories. In addition, stories of alleged Turkish mistreatments of the pilgrims began spreading throughout Europe, even though there has been evidence that these stories were marketing, they enraged the Christians and affected the public opinion of the Turks throughout the community. In 1095 Pope Urban II proclaimed the First Crusade to regain the Holy Land. He did this during his most famous speech at the Council of Clermont he encouraged Christians to take up the cross and fight for a cause that would not only get them rewarded spiritually but also materially. In one version of his speech he stated “…it is less wicked to brandish your sword against Saracens [Muslims]. It is the only warfare that is righteous, for it is charity to risk your life for your brothers. The possessions of the enemy, too, will be yours, since you will make spoil of their treasures and return victorious to your own; or empurpled with your own blood, you will have gained everlasting glory.” (August C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eye-Witnesses and Participants (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1921), 33–36). He used the people’s devotion to God as a way to manipulate them to fight for his cause. Pope Urban II also knew exactly what to say to give them incentive to follow him inti battle, which was the promise of riches as well as forgiveness for their past transgressions. During this time a person being “free of sin” was more important than being wealthy. At the end of his heartfelt sermon the crowd shouted "God wills it" - the manifestation the crusaders later used in battle to justify their actions against the…
The two civilizations had no respect for one another as their cultures were very different. The Byzantines considered themselves superior as they understood themselves to be the successors of the Roman Empire and they called the Latins ‘Barbarians’ while the Latins called the Byzantines ‘Greeks’ and hated them. The crusades had first provided the opportunity for a common goal between the two empires but after the failure of the Second and Third Crusade, it ended up leading to even more tension between the East and West Church. In fact, during the Third Crusade that began a mere 13 years before the Fourth Crusade, the Byzantine emperor Isaac II Angelos made a secret deal with Saladin to delay the Crusaders in exchange for the safety of the empire because he knew that he couldn’t trust the Western Crusaders and his actions were justified as the Latins did eventually turn against the Byzantines. A greek Byzantine historian, Niketas Choniates wrote about the Latins in his history of Byzantium, saying, “Between us and them [the Latins] is set the widest gulf. We are poles apart. We have not a single thought in common.” This is a sentiment that many of the Byzantines and Latins of the time had held. The two civilizations didn’t understand each other, and they weren’t interested in trying to do so. The reasons for the sacking of…
However, worse things were to come. Some years after the Great Schism, when Constantinople was beginning to decline, the Seljuk Turks, from Central Asia, began to move into the Byzantine Empire. These people had become Muslim, and that made the Byzantine emperor, Alexius I, very afraid. He feared that these Muslims would take over the empire, which was a Christian one. He then took his problem to the pope, who was in Western Europe, and implored him to help wage a holy war against the Turks. In 1095 AD, Pope Urban II initiated the first Crusade, which was a ‘war of the cross’. The pope hoped that the Crusade would remove the Turks from Constantinople, and he also hoped that he could recover the city of Jerusalem, a holy city in the eyes of a Christian, from Muslim rule. In 1099 AD, the Crusaders attacked the Muslims in Jerusalem, and were successful in overtaking the city. A second Crusade began when the Muslims defeated one of the Christian colonies that the Crusaders set up, but this time, the Muslims were prepared and did not lose. At the end of this second Crusade, Saladin, who was a Muslim general, started a Jihad, which was an Islamic holy war. Doing this, he took back Jerusalem from the Crusaders in 1187 AD. This led to yet another Crusade, the third one, led by King Richard ‘The Lion-Hearted’ of England, but it was not successful. In the end, both sides accepted a truce in which the Muslims would control the ‘Holy Lands’, but Christian people would be able to visit their shrines there as well. Even though the Crusades were horrible wars, the only positive result was that new knowledge was brought over from Eastern Europe into Western…
With the Seijuk Turks of focal Asia weighing down on Constantinople, Emperor Alexius I swung toward the West for help, bringing about the presentation of "blessed war" by Pope Urban II at Clermont (France) that started the First Crusade. As armed forces from France, Germany and Italy filled Byzantium, Alexius attempted to compel their pioneers to make a solemn vow of faithfulness to him keeping in mind the end goal to ensure that area recaptured from the Turks would be reestablished to his realm. After Western and Byzantine powers recovered Nicaea in Asia Minor from the Turks, Alexius and his armed force withdrew, drawing allegations of double-crossing from the Crusaders. Amid the resulting Crusades, hostility kept on working amongst Byzantium and the West, coming full circle in the victory and plundering of Constantinople amid the Fourth Crusade in 1204. The Latin administration built up in Constantinople existed by no means in a well established position because of the open threatening vibe of the city 's populace and its absence of cash. Numerous evacuees from Constantinople fled to Nicaea, site of a Byzantine government estranged abroad that would retake the capital and topple Latin standard in…