Through cross-sectional analysis, Vonk and Massatti examine numerous factors that positively contribute to the cultural competence of white parents of African American TRA. They include their counter argument, relating to the earlier color-blind approach to TRA. With this approach, differences between white parents and African American TRA are minimized. Though this approach is consistent with TRA legislation, it neglects racial and cultural effects on TRA in a racial conscious society. Currently, parents are encouraged to provide more exposure to birth heritage to create a racial and cultural identity. Vonk’s cultural competence model is included as a more extensive definition of cultural competence in TRA. The three categories of racial awareness,
